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appreciation of flat forms； shape in only two dimensions。 Many more people are 'form…blind' than colour…blind。 The child learning to see； first distinguishes only two…dimensional shape； it cannot judge distances； depths。 Later； for its personal safety and practical needs； it has to develop （partly by means of touch） the ability to judge roughly three…dimensonal distances。 But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity； most people go no further。 Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat from； they do no make the further。 Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form； they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to prehend form in its full spatial existence。
This is what the sculptor must do。 He must strive continually to think of； and use； form in its full spatial pleteness。 He gets the solid shape； as it were； inside his head…he thinks of it； whatever its size； as if he were holding it pletely enclosed in the hollow of his hand。 He mentally visualizes a plex form from all round itself； he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like； he identifies himself with its centre of gravity； its mass； its weight； he realizes its volume； as the space that the shape displaces in the air。
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape； not as description or reminiscence。 He must； for example； perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape； quite apart from its significance as food； or from the literary idea that it will bee a bird。 And so with solids such as a shell； a nut； a plum； a pear； a tadpole； a mushroom； a mountain peak； a kidney； a carrot； a tree…trunk； a bird； a bud； a lark； a ladybird； a bulrush； a bone。 From these he can go on to appreciate more plex forms of binations of several forms。
HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
colour…blind
adj。 色盲的
perception
n。 知觉
prehend
v。 理解
spatial
adj。 空间
visualize
v。 使具形象，设想
reminiscence
n。 回忆，联想
tadpole
n。 蝌蚪
mushroom
n。 蘑菇
carrot
n。 胡萝卜
bud
n。 花蕾
lark
n。 云雀
ladybird
n。 瓢虫
bulrush
n。 芦苇
参考译文
对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体的反应能力。雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理。欣赏雕塑品当然比欣赏平面的艺术品要难。“形盲”的人数比“色盲”的人数要多得多。正在学看东西的儿童起初只会分辨二维形态，不会判断距离和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和实际需要，儿童必须发展（部分通过触觉）粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。但是。大部分人在满足了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能力了。虽然他们对平面形的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智力和感情上进一步努力去理解存在于空间的整个形态。
而雕塑家就必须做到这一点。他必须勤于想像并且利用形体在空间中的完整性。可以说，当他想像一个物体时，不管其大小如何，他脑子里得到的是一个立体的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一样。他的大脑能从物体周围的各个角度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的一边时，便知道另一边是个什么样子。他把自身和物体重心、质量、重量融为一体。他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状有空气中所占的空间。
因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鸟蛋为例。观赏者必须感觉到它是一个单一的实体形态，而完全不靠它的食用意义或它会变成鸟这样的文字概念来感觉。对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇以及骨头也应这样来感觉。从这些形体出发，观赏者可进一步观察更为复杂的形体或若干形体的组合。
Lesson 32
Galileo reborn
伽利略的复生
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo in recent times？
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy； but the scientific dust has long since settled； and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective。 But； in contrast； it is only in modern times that Galileo has bee a problem child for historians of science。
The old view of Galileo was delightfully unplicated。 He was； above all； a man who experimented： who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians； who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients； and who drew his conclusions fearlessly。 He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky； and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together。 He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top； who rolled balls down inclined planes； and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall。
But a closer study of the evidence； supported by a deeper sense of the period； and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution； has profoundly modified this view of Galileo。 Today； although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings； among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged。 At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown somewhat。 His telescopic observations are justly immortal； they aroused great interest at the time； they had important theoretical consequences； and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus。 But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw； if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument？ Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen…forties were scratches left by the grinder？ We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day； as for centuries before； curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion； untruth； and if a single curved glass would distort nature； how much more would a pair of them？
MICHAEL HOSKIN Galileo Reborn from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
controversy
n。 争议，争论
dust
n。 纠纷，骚动
clash
n。 冲突
Inquisition
n。 （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭
perspective
n。 观点，看法
despise
v。 蔑视
generalize
v。 归纳
undercurrent
n。 潜流
theoretical
adj。 理论上的
potentiality
n。 潜能
intimate
adj。 详尽的
familiarity
n。 熟悉的
culpable
adj。 应受遣责的
Aristotelian
n。 亚里士多德学派的人
Aristotle
n。 亚里士多德（公元前384…322，古希腊哲学家）
Ptolemy
n。 托勒密（公元90…168，古希腊天文学家）
Leaning Tower of Pisa
比萨斜塔
spiral
adj。 螺旋状的
nebula
n。 星云
scratch
n。 擦痕
contrivance
n。 器械
distort
v。 歪曲
参考译文
伽利略在世时是激烈论战的中心。但是，自他逝世以来，那场科学上的纷争早已平息了下来，甚至他和宗教法庭的著名冲突，我们今天也能正确如实地看待。但是相比之下，对于科学史家来说，伽利略只是在现代才变成了一个新的难题�