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,一架1;500万美元的新飞机,每年光是帐上的资金成本与折旧提列就要三百万美金,比起先前那架85万美元二手飞机,每年只会产生二十万美元的费用,确实有极大的差别,虽然充分了解其中的差异,不幸地你们的主席还是对于企业专用飞机发表了许多不当的言论,因此在购买之前,我不得已暂时变身成为伽利略,突然间得到一项反启示,原来旅行可以比过去来的容易多了,只是也变得比过去更贵了,到底Berkshire会不会因为这架飞机而受益,目前尚无定论,但我个人一定会将部份企业的成功因素归诸于它(不管别人如何地怀疑) ,我很害怕富兰克林打电话告诉我说,没错!人类身为一种有理性的动物实在是太方便了,只要他想要做的,随时可以找一个理由来解释它
大约有97%的股东参加了去年的股东指定捐赠计画,透过这项计画去年我们总共捐出了四百万美元给1;934个不同的慈善团体机构,我们促请新加入的股东赶快看一看相关的计画,若你在未来年度也想要参加,务必确认将股份登记在自己而非信托公司的名下
去年总计有450位股东参加年度的股东会,(去年约有250位,十年前则只有十几位) ,我很期望各位在五月十九日都能到奥玛哈来参加今年的股东会,查理与我会很乐意为各位回答所有有关公司经营的问题,去年所有股东总共提了65个问题,其中有许多相当好的意见,去年股东会结束后,两位分别来自纽泽西与纽约的股东到内布拉斯加家具店花了五千元向B太太各买了一套市价一万元的地毯,B太太相当高兴但却不甚满意,所以今年股东会后,B太太将在店内等待各位,希望各位能够打败去年的记录,否则我可能会有麻烦,所以各位请帮帮忙,不要忘了顺道去看看她
一九八七
Our gain in net worth during 1987 was 464 million; or 19。5%。 Over the last 23 years (that is; since present management took over); our per…share book value has grown from 19。46 to 2;477。47; or at a rate of 23。1% pounded annually。
本公司在1978年的净值增加了四亿六千四百万,较去年增加了19。5%,而过去23年以来(自从现有经营阶层接手后),每股净值从19元成长到现在的2;477美元,年复合成长率约为23。1%。
What counts; of course; is the rate of gain in per…share business value; not book value。 In many cases; a corporation's book value and business value are almost totally unrelated。 For example; just before they went bankrupt; LTV and Baldwin…United published yearend audits showing their book values to be 652 million and 397 million; respectively。 Conversely; Belridge Oil was sold to Shell in 1979 for 3。6 billion although its book value was only 177 million。
真正重要的当然是企业每股实际价值,而非帐面价值的增加,在许多情况下一家公司的帐面与其实际价值一点关连都没有,举例来说,LTV与鲍德温联合公司就在宣布破产之前的会计师签证的年度报告还显示,帐面各有净值六亿与四亿美金,但是另一个公司Belridge石油在1979年以36亿美元高价卖给壳牌石油之时,帐面净值却不到两亿。
At Berkshire; however; the two valuations have tracked rather closely; with the growth rate in business value over the last decade moderately outpacing the growth rate in book value。 This good news continued in 1987。
不过在波克夏两者成长的趋势倒是蛮相近的,过去十年公司的实际价值成长率略高于帐面价值成长率,很高兴这种好现象在今年也能持续维持。
Our premium of business value to book value has widened for two simple reasons: We own some remarkable businesses and they are run by even more remarkable managers。
我们企业价值对帐面价值的差距,因为以下二个简单的原因又扩大了一点,一是我们拥有优秀的企业,一是这些企业皆由最优秀的经理人在管理。各位有理由对第二个原因表示意见,因为一家企业的总经理很少会告诉公司股东说,你们所投资的公司是由一群笨蛋组成的经营阶层来管理,而也就是为了要避免露出马脚,所以常常使得一些公司常常会出现相当诡异的财务报表
You have a right to question that second assertion。 After all; CEOs seldom tell their shareholders that they have assembled a bunch of turkeys to run things。 Their reluctance to do so makes for some strange annual reports。 Oftentimes; in his shareholders' letter; a CEO will go on for pages detailing corporate performance that is woefully inadequate。 He will nonetheless end with a warm paragraph describing his managerial rades as 〃our most precious asset。〃 Such ments sometimes make you wonder what the other assets can possibly be。
通常在致股东的报告中,CEO会花一大篇幅详细描述过去企业的表现是如何的不当,最后不可免俗地会以感性的语气来形容其所带领的公司干部实在是公司最珍贵的资产,这种形容有时会让人搞不清楚那其它的资产到底又算是什么?
At Berkshire; however; my appraisal of our operating managers is; if anything; understated。 To understand why; first take a look at page 7; where we show the earnings (on an historical…cost accounting basis) of our seven largest non…financial units: Buffalo News; Fechheimer; Kirby; Nebraska Furniture Mart; Scott Fetzer Manufacturing Group; See's Candies; and World Book。 In 1987; these seven business units had bined operating earnings before interest and taxes of 180 million。
不过在波克夏,我个人对于管理干部任何的称赞都是很容易让人理解的,首先请看看第七页,显示本公司七个非金融业的主要企业…水牛城报纸、费区海默西服、寇比吸尘器、内布拉斯加家具、史考特飞兹集团、喜斯糖果与世界百科全书的获利状况(以历史成本会计基础),1987年这七家公司的年度在扣除利息与所得税前的获利高达一亿八千万美元
By itself; this figure says nothing about economic performance。 To evaluate that; we must know how much total capital … debt and equity … was needed to produce these earnings。 Debt plays an insignificant role at our seven units: Their net interest expense in 1987 was only 2 million。 Thus; pre…tax earnings on the equity capital employed by these businesses amounted to 178 million。 And this equity … again on an historical…cost basis … was only 175 million。
单独这数字本身并不足以说明其特殊性,但若你知道他们利用多少资金就达到这项成果时,你就知道他们是如何地了不起了,事实上这些公司的负债比例都非常的低,去年的利息费用总共加起来也不过只有二百万美元,所以合计税前获利一亿七千八百万,而帐列的历史投资股本竟只有一亿七千五百万!
If these seven business units had operated as a single pany; their 1987 after…tax earnings would have been approximately 100 million … a return of about 57% on equity capital。 You'll seldom see such a percentage anywhere; let alone at large; diversified panies with nominal leverage。 Here's a benchmark: In its 1988 Investor's Guide issue; Fortune reported that among the 500 largest industrial panies and 500 largest service panies; only six had averaged a return on equity of over 30% during the previous decade。 The best performer among the 1000 was merce Clearing House at 40。2%。
若把这七家公司视作是单一个体公司,则税后净利约为一亿美元,股东权益投资报酬率更将高达57%,即使财务杠杆再高,你也很难在一般公司看到这种比率,根据财星杂志在1988年出版的投资人手册,在全美五百大制造业与五百大服务业中,只有六家公司过去十年的股东权益报酬率超过30%,最高的一家也不过只有40。2%。
Of course; the returns that Berkshire earns from these seven units are not as high as their underlying returns because; in aggregate; we bought the businesses at a substantial premium to underlying equity capital。 Overall; these operations are carried on our books at about 222 million above the historical accounting values of the underlying assets。 However; the managers of the units should be judged by the returns they achieve on the underlying assets; what we pay for a business does not affect the amount of capital its manager has to work with。 (If; to bee a shareholder and part owner of merce Clearing House; you pay; say; six times book value; that does not change CCH's return on equity。)
当然Berkshire真正从这些公