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15。 Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between； deep natural hollows； confined places； tangled thickets； quagmires and crevasses； should be left with all possible speed and not approached。
16。 While we keep away from such places； we should get the enemy to approach them； while we face them； we should let the enemy have them on his rear。
17。 If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country； ponds surrounded by aquatic grass； hollow basins filled with reeds； or woods with thick undergrowth； they must be carefully routed out and searched； for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking。
18。 When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet； he is relying on the natural strength of his position。
19。 When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle； he is anxious for the other side to advance。
20。 If his place of encampment is easy of access； he is tendering a bait。
21。 Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing。 The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious。
22。 The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade。 Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is ing。
23。 When there is dust rising in a high column； it is the sign of chariots advancing； when the dust is low； but spread over a wide area； it betokens the approach of infantry。 When it branches out in different directions； it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood。 A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping。
24。 Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance。 Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat。
25。 When the light chariots e out first and take up a position on the wings； it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle。
26。 Peace proposals unacpanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot。
27。 When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank； it means that the critical moment has e。
28。 When some are seen advancing and some retreating； it is a lure。
29。 When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears； they are faint from want of food。
30。 If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves； the army is suffering from thirst。
31。 If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it； the soldiers are exhausted。
32。 If birds gather on any spot； it is unoccupied。 Clamor by night betokens nervousness。
33。 If there is disturbance in the camp； the general's authority is weak。 If the banners and flags are shifted about； sedition is afoot。 If the officers are angry； it means that the men are weary。
34。 When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food； and when the men do not hang their cooking…pots over the camp…fires； showing that they will not return to their tents； you may know that they are determined to fight to the death。
35。 The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file。
36。 Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources； too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress。
37。 To begin by bluster； but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers； shows a supreme lack of intelligence。
38。 When envoys are sent with pliments in their mouths； it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce。
39。 If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again； the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection。
40。 If our troops are no more in number than the enemy； that is amply sufficient； it only means that no direct attack can be made。 What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength； keep a close watch on the enemy； and obtain reinforcements。
41。 He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them。
42。 If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you； they will not prove submissive； and； unless submissive； then will be practically useless。 If； when the soldiers have bee attached to you； punishments are not enforced； they will still be unless。
43。 Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity； but kept under control by means of iron discipline。 This is a certain road to victory。
44。 If in training soldiers mands are habitually enforced； the army will be well…disciplined； if not； its discipline will be bad。
45。 If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed； the gain will be mutual。
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10《孫子兵法》地形篇第十
孫子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰挂。挂形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，則難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵﹔若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢均，難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
故兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走。卒強吏弱，曰馳。吏強卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩。將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險厄遠近，上將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝﹔不知此而用戰者必敗。
故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也﹔戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，惟人是保，而利合于主，國之寶也。
視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深谿﹔視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知己知彼，勝乃不殆﹔知天知地，勝乃可全。
X。 TERRAIN
1。 Sun Tzu said： We may distinguish six kinds of terrain； to wit： （1） Accessible ground； （2） entangling ground； （3） temporizing ground； （4） narrow passes； （5） precipitous heights； （6） positions at a great distance from the enemy。
2。 Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible。
3。 With regard to ground of this nature； be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots；
and carefully guard your line of supplies。 Then you will be able to fight with advantage。
4。 Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re…occupy is called entangling。
5。 From a position of this sort； if the enemy is unprepared； you may sally forth and defeat him。 But if the enemy is prepared for your ing； and you fail to defeat him； then； return being impossible； disaster will ensue。
6。 When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move； it is called te