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It was fitting that Washington should bid farewell to his army at New York； the center of his hopes and anxieties during the greater part of the long struggle。 On December 4； 1783； his officers met at a tavern to bid him farewell。 The tears ran down his cheeks as he parted with these brave and tried men。 He shook their hands in silence and； in a fashion still preserved in France； kissed each of them。 Then they watched him as he was rowed away in his barge to the New Jersey shore。 Congress was now sitting at Annapolis in Maryland and there on December 23； 1783； Washington appeared and gave up finally his command。 We are told that the members sat covered to show the sovereignty of the Union； a quaint touch of the thought of the time。 The little town made a brave show and 〃the gallery was filled with a beautiful group of elegant ladies。〃 With solemn sincerity Washington commended the country to the protection of Almighty God and the army to the special care of Congress。 Passion had already subsided for the President of Congress in his reply praised the 〃magnanimous king and nation〃 of Great Britain。 By the end of the year Washington was at Mount Vernon； hoping now to be able； as he said simply； to make and sell a little flour annually and to repair houses fast going to ruin。 He did not foresee the troubled years and the vexing problems which still lay before him。 Nor could he； in his modest estimate of himself； know that for a distant posterity his character and his words would have compelling authority。 What Washington's countryman； Motley； said of William of Orange is true of Washington himself： 〃As long as he lived he was the guiding star of a brave nation and when he died the little children cried in the streets。〃 But this is not all。 To this day in the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States the words of Washington； the policies which he favored； have a living and almost binding force。 This attitude of mind is not without its dangers； for nations require to make new adjustments of policy； and the past is only in part the master of the present； but it is the tribute of a grateful nation to the noble character of its chief founder。
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
In Winsor； 〃Narrative and Critical History of America〃； vol。 VI （1889）； and in Larned （editor）； 〃Literature of American History〃； pp。 111…152 （1902）； the authorities are critically estimated。 There are excellent classified lists in Van Tyne； 〃The American Revolution〃 （1905）； vol。 V of Hart （editor）； 〃The American Nation〃； and in Avery； 〃History of the United States〃； vol。 V； pp。 422…432； and vol。 VI； pp。 445…471 （1908…09）。 The notes in Channing； 〃A History of the United States〃； vol。 III （1913）； are useful。 Detailed information in regard to places will be found in Lossing； 〃The Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution〃； 2 vols。 （1850）。
In recent years American writers on the period have chiefly occupied themselves with special studies； and the general histories have been few。 Tyler's 〃The Literary History of the American Revolution； 2 vols。 （1897）； is a penetrating study of opinion。 Fiske's 〃The American Revolution〃； 2 vols。 （1891）； and Sydney George Fisher's 〃The Struggle for American Independence〃； 2 vols。 （1908）； are popular works。 The short volume of Van Tyne is based upon extensive research。 The attention of English writers has been drawn in an increasing degree to the Revolution。 Lecky； 〃A History of England in the Eighteenth Century〃； chaps。 XIII； XIV； and XV （1903）； is impartial。 The most elaborate and readable history is Trevelyan； 〃The American Revolution〃； and his 〃George the Third〃 and 〃Charles Fox〃 （six volumes in all； completed in 1914）。 If Trevelyan leans too much to the American side the opposite is true of Fortescue； 〃A History of the British Army〃； vol。 III （1902）； a scientific account of military events with many maps and plans。 Captain Mahan； U。 S。 N。； wrote the British naval history of the period in Clowes （editor）； 〃The Royal Navy； a History〃； vol。 III； pp。 353…564 （1898）。 Of great value also is Mahan's 〃Influence of Sea Power on History〃 （1890） and 〃Major Operations of the Navies in the War of Independence〃 （1913）。 He may be supplemented by C。 O。 Paullin's 〃Navy of the American Revolution〃 （1906） and G。 W。 Allen's 〃A Naval History of the American Revolution〃； 2 vols。 （1913）。
CHAPTERS I AND II。
Washington's own writings are necessary to an understanding of his character。 Sparks； 〃The Life and Writings of George Washington〃； 2 vols。 （completed 1855）； has been superseded by Ford； 〃The Writings of George Washington〃； 14 vols。 （completed 1898）。 The general reader will probably put aside the older biographies of Washington by Marshall； Irving； and Sparks for more recent 〃Lives〃 such as those by Woodrow Wilson； Henry Cabot Lodge； and Paul Leicester Ford。 Haworth； 〃George Washington； Farmer〃 （1915） deals with a special side of Washington's character。 The problems of the army are described in Bolton； 〃The Private Soldier under Washington〃 （1902）； and in Hatch； 〃The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army〃 （1904）。 For military operations Frothingham； 〃The Siege of Boston〃； Justin H。 Smith； 〃Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony〃； 2 vols。 （1907）； Codman； 〃Arnold's Expedition to Quebec〃 （1901）； and Lucas； 〃History of Canada〃； 1763…1812 （1909）。
CHAPTER III。
For the state of opinion in England； the contemporary 〃Annual Register〃； and the writings and speeches of men of the time like Burke； Fox； Horace Walpole； and Dr。 Samuel Johnson。 The King's attitude is found in Donne； 〃Correspondence of George III with Lord North〃； 1768…83； 2 vols。 （1867）。 Stirling； 〃Coke of Norfolk and his Friends〃； 2 vols。 （1908）； gives the outlook of a Whig magnate； Fitzmaurice； 〃Life of William； Earl of Shelburne〃； 2 vols。 （1912）； the Whig policy。 Curwen's 〃Journals and Letters〃； 1775…84 （1842）； show us a Loyalist exile in England。 Hazelton's 〃The Declaration of Independence； its History〃 （1906）； is an elaborate study。
CHAPTERS IV； V； AND VI。
The three campaignsNew York； Philadelphia； and the Hudsonare covered by C。 F。 Adams； 〃Studies Military and Diplomatic〃 （1911）； which makes severe strictures on Washington's strategy； H。 P。 Johnston's 〃Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn；〃 in the Long Island Historical Society's 〃Memoirs〃； and 〃Battle of Harlem Heights〃 （1897）； Carrington； 〃Battles of the American Revolution〃 （1904）； Stryker； 〃The Battles of Trenton and Princeton〃 （1898）； Lucas； 〃History of Canada〃 （1909）。 Fonblanque's 〃John Burgoyne〃 （1876） is a defense of that leader； while Riedesel's 〃Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution〃 （trans。 W。 L。 Stone； 1867） and Anburey's 〃Travels through the Interior Parts of America〃 （1789） are accounts by eye…witnesses。 Mereness' （editor） 〃Travels in the American Colonies〃； 1690…1783 （1916） gives the impressions of Lord Adam Gordon and others。
CHAPTERS VII AND VIII。
On Washington at Valley Forge； Oliver； 〃Life of Alexander Hamilton〃 （1906）； Charlemagne Tower； 〃The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution〃； 2 vols。 （1895）； Greene； 〃Life of Nathanael Greene〃 （1893）； Brooks； 〃Henry Knox〃 （1900）； Graham； 〃Life of General Daniel Morgan〃 （1856）； Kapp； 〃Life of Steube