north america-1-第79章

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　executive　power；　Article　IV。；　is　to　be　vested　in　a　Governor　and　a　Lieutenant…Governor；　both　of　whom　shall　be　chosen　for　two　years。　The　Governor　must　be　a　citizen　of　the　United　States；　must　be　thirty　years　of　age；　and　have　lived　for　the　last　four　years　in　the　State。　He　is　to　be　commander…in…chief　of　the　military　and　naval　forces　of　the　State；　as　is　the　President　of　those　of　the　Union。　　I　see　that　this　is　also　the　case　in　inland　States；　which　one　would　say　can　have　no　navies。　　And　with　reference　to　some　States　it　is　enacted　that　the　Governor　is　commander…in…chief　of　the　army；　navy；　and　militia；　showing　that　some　army　over　and　beyond　the　militia　may　be　kept　by　the　State。　　In　Tennessee；　which　is　an　inland　State；　it　is　enacted　that　the　Governor　shall　be　〃commander…in…chief　of　the　army　and　navy　of　this　State；　and　of　the　militia；　except　when　they　shall　be　called　into　the　service　of　the　United　States。〃　　In　Ohio　the　same　is　the　case；　except　that　there　is　no　mention　of　militia。　　In　New　York　there　is　no　proviso　with　reference　to　the　service　of　the　United　States。　　I　mention　this　as　it　bears　with　some　strength　on　the　question　of　the　right　of　secession；　and　indicates　the　jealousy　of　the　individual　States　with　reference　to　the　Federal　government。　The　Governor　can　convene　extra　sessions　of　one　House　or　of　both。　He　makes　a　message　to　the　legislature　when　it　meetsa　sort　of　Queen's　speech；　and　he　receives　for　his　services　a　compensation　to　be　established　by　law。　　In　New　York　this　amounts　to　800l。　a　year。　In　some　States　this　is　as　low　as　200l。　and　300l。　　In　Virginia　it　is　1000l。　　In　California；　1200l。　The　Governor　can　pardon；　except　in　cases　of　treason。　　He　has　also　a　veto　upon　all　bills　sent　up　by　the　legislature。　　If　he　exercise　this　veto　he　returns　the　bill　to　the　legislature　with　his　reasons　for　so　doing。　　If　the　bill　on　reconsideration　by　the　Houses　be　again　passed　by　a　majority　of　two…thirds　in　each　house；　it　becomes　law　in　spite　of　the　Governor's　veto。　　The　veto　of　the　President　at　Washington　is　of　the　same　nature。　　Such　are　the　powers　of　the　Governor。　　But　though　they　are　very　full；　the　Governor　of　each　State　does　not　practically　exercise　any　great　political　power；　nor　is　he；　even　politically；　a　great　man。　　You　might　live　in　a　State　during　the　whole　term　of　his　government　and　hardly　hear　of　him。　There　is　vested　in　him　by　the　language　of　the　constitution　a　much　wider　power　than　that　intrusted　to　the　governor　of　our　colonies。　But　in　our　colonies　everybody　talks；　and　thinks；　and　knows　about　the　governor。　　As　far　as　the　limits　of　the　colony　the　governor　is　a　great　man。　　But　this　is　not　the　case　with　reference　to　the　governors　in　the　different　States。　The　next　article　provides　that　the　Governor's　ministers；　viz；　the　Secretary　of　State；　the　Controller；　Treasurer；　and　Attorney…　General；　shall　be　chosen　every　two　years　at　a　general　election。　　In　this　respect　the　State　constitution　differs　from　that　of　the　national　constitution。　　The　President　at　Washington　names　his　own　ministerssubject　to　the　approbation　of　the　Senate。　　He　makes　many　other　appointments　with　the　same　limitation；　and　the　Senate；　I　believe；　is　not　slow　to　interfere；　but　with　reference　to　the　ministers　it　is　understood　that　the　names　sent　in　by　the　President　shall　stand。　　Of　the　Secretary　of　State；　Controller；　etc。；　belonging　to　the　different　States；　and　who　are　elected　by　the　people；　in　a　general　way；　one　never　hears。　　No　doubt　they　attend　their　offices　and　take　their　pay；　but　they　are　not　political　personages。　The　next　article；　No。　VI。；　refers　to　the　judiciary；　and　is　very　complicated。　　As　I　cannot　understand　it；　I　will　not　attempt　to　explain　it。　　Moreover；　it　is　not　within　the　scope　of　my　ambition　to　convey　here　all　the　details　of　the　State　constitution。　　In　Sec。　20　of　this　article　it　is　provided　that　no　judicial　officer；　except　justices　of　the　peace；　shall　receive　to　his　own　use　any　fees　or　perquisites　of　office。〃　　How　pleasantly　this　enactment　must　sound　in　the　ears　of　the　justices　of　the　peace！　Article　VII。　refers　to　fiscal　matters；　and　is　more　especially　interesting　as　showing　how　greatly　the　State　of　New　York　has　depended　on　its　canals　for　its　wealth。　　These　canals　are　the　property　of　the　State；　and　by　this　article　it　seems　to　be　provided　that　they　shall　not　only　maintain　themselves；　but　maintain　to　a　considerable　extent　the　State　expenditure　also；　and　stand　in　lieu　of　taxation。　　It　is　provided；　Section　6　that　the　〃legislature　shall　not　sell；　lease；　or　otherwise　dispose　of　any　of　the　canals　of　the　State；　but　that　they　shall　remain　the　property　of　the　State；　and　under　its　management　forever。〃　　But　in　spite　of　its　canals　the　State　does　not　seem　to　be　doing　very　well；　for　I　see　that；　in　1860；　its　income　was　4；780；000　dollars；　and　its　expenditure　5；100；000；　whereas　its　debt　was　32；500；000　dollars。　　Of　all　the　States；　Pennsylvania　is　the　most　indebted；　Virginia　the　second；　and　New　York　the　third。　　New　Hampshire；　Connecticut；　Vermont；　Delaware；　and　Texas　owe　no　State　debts。　　All　the　other　State　ships　have　taken　in　ballast。　The　militia　is　supposed　to　consist　of　all　men　capable　of　bearing　arms；　under　forty…five　years　of　age。　　But　no　one　need　be　enrolled；　who　from　scruples　of　conscience　is　averse　to　bearing　arms。　　At　the　present　moment　such　scruples　do　not　seem　to　be　very　general。　　Then　follows；　in　Article　XI。；　a　detailed　enactment　as　to　the　choosing　of　militia　officers。　　It　may　be　perhaps　sufficient　to　say　that　the　privates　are　to　choose　the　captains　and　the　subalterns；　the　captains　and　subalterns　are　to　choose　the　field　officers；　and　the　field　officers　the　brigadier…generals　and　inspectors　of　brigade。　The　Governor；　however；　with　the　consent　of　the　Senate；　shall　nominate　all　major…generals。　　Now　that　real　soldiers　have　unfortunately　become　necessary；　the　above　plan　has　not　been　found　to　work　well。　Such　is　the　constitution　of　the　State　of　New　York；　which　has　been　intended　to　work　and　does　work　quite　separately　from　that　of　the　United　States。　　It　will　be　seen　that　the　purport　has　been　to　make　it　as　widely　democratic　as　possibleto　provide　that　all　power　of　all　description　shall　come　directly　from　the　people；　and　that　such　power　shall　return　to　the　people　at　short　intervals。　　The　Senate　and　the　Governor　each　remain　for　two　years；　but　not　for　the　same　two　years。　　If　a　new　Senate　commence　its　work　in　1861；　a　new　Governor　will　come　in　in　1862。　　But；　nevertheless；　there　is　in　the　form　of　government　as　thus　established　an　absence　of　that　close　and　immediate　responsibility　which　attends　our　ministers。　　When　a　man　has　been　voted　in；　it　seems　that　responsibility　is　over　for　the　period　of　the　required　service。　　He　has　been　chosen；　and　the　country　which　has　chosen　him　is　to　trust　that　he　will　do　his　best。　I　do　not　know　that　this　matters　much　with　reference　to　the　legislature　or　governments　of　the　different　States；　for　their　State　legislatures　and　governments　are　but　puny　powers；　but　in　the　legislature　and　government　at　Washington　it　does　matter　very　much。　But　I　shall　have　another　opportunity　of　speaking　on　that　subject。　Nothing　has　struck　me　so　much　in　America　as　the　fact　that　these　State　legislatures　are　puny　powers。　　The　absence　of　any　tidings　whatever　of　their　doings　across　the　water　is　a　proof　o