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d yet it would be very difficult to show that it proved onerous in practice。 Under it the people of Pennsylvania flourished in wealth； peace； and happiness。 Penn won undying fame for the liberal principles of his feudal enterprise。 His expenses in England were so great and his quitrents always so much in arrears that he was seldom out of debt。 But his children grew rich from the province。 As in other provinces that were not feudal there were disputes between the people and the proprietors； but there was not so much general dissatisfaction as might have been expected。 The proprietors were on the whole not altogether disliked。 In the American Revolution； when the people could have confiscated everything in Pennsylvania belonging to the proprietary family； they not only left them in possession of a large part of their land； but paid them handsomely for the part that was taken。
After Penn had secured his charter in 1681； he obtained from the Duke of York the land now included in the State of Delaware。 He advertised for colonists； and began selling land at 100 pounds for five thousand acres and annually thereafter a shilling quitrent for every hundred acres。 He drew up a constitution or frame of government； as he called it； after wide and earnest consultation with many； including the famous Algernon Sydney。 Among the Penn papers in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania is a collection of about twenty preliminary drafts。 Beginning with one which erected a government by a landed aristocracy； they became more and more liberal； until in the end his frame was very much like the most liberal government of the other English colonies in America。 He had a council and an assembly； both elected by the people。 The council； however； was very large； had seventy…two members； and was more like an upper house of the Legislature than the usual colonial governor's council。 The council also had the sole right of proposing legislation； and the assembly could merely accept or reject its proposals。 This was a new idea； and it worked so badly in practice that in the end the province went to the opposite extreme and had no council or upper house of the Legislature at all。
Penn's frame of government contained； however； a provision for its own amendment。 This was a new idea and proved to be so happy that it is now found in all American constitutions。 His method of impeachment by which the lower house was to bring in the charge and the upper house was to try it has also been universally adopted。 His view that an unconstitutional law is void was a step towards our modern system。 The next step； giving the courts power to declare a law unconstitutional； was not taken until one hundred years after his time。 With the advice and assistance of some of those who were going out to his colony he prepared a code of laws which contained many of the advanced ideas of the Quakers。 Capital punishment was to be confined to murder and treason； instead of being applied as in England to a host of minor offenses。 The property of murderers； instead of being forfeited to the State； was to be divided among the next of kin of the victim and of the criminal。 Religious liberty was established as it had been in Rhode Island and the Jerseys。 All children were to be taught a useful trade。 Oaths in judicial proceedings were not required。 All prisons were to be workhouses and places of reformation instead of dungeons of dirt； idleness； and disease。 This attempt to improve the prisons inaugurated a movement of great importance in the modern world in which the part played by the Quakers is too often forgotten。
Penn had now started his 〃Holy Experiment；〃 as he called his enterprise in Pennsylvania； by which he intended to prove that religious liberty was not only right； but that agriculture； commerce； and all arts and refinements of life would flourish under it。 He would break the delusion that prosperity and morals were possible only under some one particular faith established by law。 He； would prove that government could be carried on without war and without oaths； and that primitive Christianity could be maintained without a hireling ministry； without persecution； without ridiculous dogmas or ritual； sustained only by its own innate power and the inward light。
Chapter II。 Penn Sails For The Delaware
The framing of the constitution and other preparations consumed the year following Penn's receipt of his charter in 1681。 But at last； on August 30； 1682； he set sail in the ship Welcome； with about a hundred colonists。 After a voyage of about six weeks； and the loss of thirty of their number by smallpox； they arrived in the Delaware。 June would have been a somewhat better month in which to see the rich luxuriance of the green meadows and forests of this beautiful river。 But the autumn foliage and bracing air of October must have been inspiring enough。 The ship slowly beat her way for three days up the bay and river in the silence and romantic loneliness of its shores。 Everything indicated richness and fertility。 At some points the lofty trees of the primeval forest grew down to the water's edge。 The river at every high tide overflowed great meadows grown up in reeds and grasses and red and yellow flowers； stretching back to the borders of the forest and full of water birds and wild fowl of every variety。 Penn； now in the prime of life； must surely have been aroused by this scene and by the reflection that the noble river was his and the vast stretches of forests and mountains for three hundred miles to the westward。
He was soon ashore； exploring the edge of his mighty domain； settling his government； and passing his laws。 He was much pleased with the Swedes whom he found on his land。 He changed the name of the little Swedish village of Upland； fifteen miles below Philadelphia； to Chester。 He superintended laying out the streets of Philadelphia and they remain to this day substantially as he planned them； though unfortunately too narrow and monotonously regular。 He met the Indians at Philadelphia； sat with them at their fires； ate their roasted corn； and when to amuse him they showed him some of their sports and games he renewed his college days by joining them in a jumping match。
Then he started on journeys。 He traveled through the woods to New York； which then belonged to the Duke of York； who had given him Delaware； he visited the Long Island Quakers； and on his return he went to Maryland to meet with much pomp and ceremony Lord Baltimore and there discuss with him the disputed boundary。 He even crossed to the eastern shore of the Chesapeake to visit a Quaker meeting on the Choptank before winter set in； and he describes the immense migration of wild pigeons at that season； and the ducks which flew so low and were so tame that the colonists knocked them down with sticks。
Most of the winter he spent at Chester and wrote to England in high spirits of his journeys； the wonders of the country； the abundance of game and provisions； and the twenty…three ships which had arrived so swiftly that few had taken longer than six weeks； and only three had been infected with the smallpox。 〃Oh how sweet；〃 he says； 〃is the quiet of these parts； freed from the anxious and troublesome