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discipline abounds more with mucosity than that of fat persons。 But in
those cases in which the mucosity is accompanied with inflammation；
the inflammation binds （braces？） the joint； and hence those who have
small collections of mucosities are not very subject to
dislocations； which they would be if the mucosity had not been
accompanied with more or less inflammation。
*There is no such line in the works of Homer as they have come down to
us。
9。 In cases of dislocation those persons who are not attacked with
inflammation of the surrounding parts； can use the shoulder
immediately without pain； and do not think it necessary to take any
precautions with themselves； it is therefore the business of the
physician to warn them beforehand that dislocation is more likely to
return in such cases than when the tendons have been inflamed。 This
remark applies to all the articulations； but particularly to those
of the shoulder and knee； for these are the joints most subject to
luxations。 But those who have inflammation of the ligaments cannot use
the shoulder； for the pain and the tension induced by the inflammation
prevent them。 Such cases are to be treated with cerate； compresses；
and plenty of bandages； but a ball of soft clean wool is to be
introduced into the armpit； to fill up the hollow of it； that it may
be a support to the bandaging； and maintain the joint in situ。 The
arm； in general； should be inclined upward as much as possible； for
thus it will be kept at the greatest possible distance from the
place at which the head of the humerus escaped。 And when you bandage
the shoulder you must fasten the arms to the sides with a band；
which is to be carried round the body。 The shoulder should be rubbed
gently and softly。 The physician ought to be acquainted with many
things； and among others with friction； for from the same name the
same results are not always obtained； for friction could brace a joint
when unseasonably relaxed； and relax it when unseasonably hard； but we
will define what we know respecting friction in another place。 The
shoulder； then； in such a state； should be rubbed with soft hands；
and； moreover； in a gentle manner； and the joint should be moved
about； but not roughly； so as to excite pain。 Things get restored
sometimes in a greater space of time； and sometimes in a smaller。
10。 A dislocation may be recognized by the following symptoms：…Since
the parts of a man's body are proportionate to one another； as the
arms and the legs； the sound should always be compared with the
unsound； and the unsound with the sound； not paying regard to the
joints of other individuals （for one person's joints are more
prominent than another's）； but looking to those of the patient； to
ascertain whether the sound joint be unlike the unsound。 This is a
proper rule； and yet it may lead to much error； and on this account it
is not sufficient to know this art in theory； but also by actual
practice； for many persons from pain； or from any other cause； when
their joints are not dislocated； cannot put the parts into the same
positions as the sound body can be put into； one ought therefore to
know and be acquainted beforehand with such an attitude。 But in a
dislocated joint the head of the humerus appears lying much more in
the armpit than it is in the sound joint； and also； above； at the
top of the shoulder； the part appears hollow； and the acromion is
prominent； owing to the bone of the joint having sunk into the part
below； there is a source of error in this case also； as will be
described afterward； for it deserves to be described； and also； the
elbow of the dislocated arm is farther removed from the ribs than that
of the other； but by using force it may be approximated； though with
considerable pain； and also they cannot； with the elbow extended；
raise the arm to the ear； as they can the sound arm； nor move it about
as formerly in this direction and that。 These； then； are the
symptoms of dislocation at the shoulder。 The methods of reduction
and the treatment are as described。
11。 It deserves to be known how a shoulder which is subject to
frequent dislocations should be treated。 For many persons owing to
this accident have been obliged to abandon gymnastic exercises； though
otherwise well qualified for them； and from the same misfortune have
become inept in warlike practices； and have thus perished。 And this
subject deserves to be noticed； because I have never known any
physician treat the case properly； some abandon the attempt
altogether； and others hold opinions and practice the very what is
proper。 For physicians have burned the shoulders subject to
dislocation； at the top of the shoulder； at the anterior part where
the head of the humerus protrudes； and a little behind the top of
the shoulder； these burnings； if the dislocation of the arm were
upward； or forward； or backward； would have been properly performed；
but now； when the dislocation is downward； they rather promote than
prevent dislocations； for they shut out the head of the humerus from
the free space above。 The cautery should be applied thus： taking
hold with the hands of the skin at the armpit； it is to be drawn
into the line； in which the head of the humerus is dislocated； and
then the skin thus drawn aside is to be burnt to the opposite side。
The burnings should be performed with irons； which are not thick nor
much rounded； but of an oblong form （for thus they pass the more
readily through）； and they are to be pushed forward with the hand； the
cauteries should be red…hot； that they may pass through as quickly
as possible； for such as are thick pass through slowly； and occasion
eschars of a greater breadth than convenient； and there is danger that
the cicatrices may break into one another； which； although nothing
very bad； is most unseemly； or awkward。 When you have burnt through；
it will be sufficient； in most cases； to make eschars only in the
lower part； but if there is no danger of the ulcers passing into one
another； and there is a considerable piece of skin between them； a
thin spatula is to be pushed through these holes which have been
burned； while； at the same time； the skin is stretched； for
otherwise the instrument could not pass through； but when you have
passed it through you must let go the skin； and then between the two
eschars you should form another eschar with a slender iron； and burn
through until you come in contact with the spatula。 The following
directions enable you to determine how much of the skin of the
armpit should be grasped； all men have glands in the armpit greater or
smaller； and also in many other parts of the body。 But I will treat in
another work of the whole constitution of the glands； and explain what
they are； what they signify； and what are their offices。 The glands；
then； are not to be taken hold of； nor the parts internal to the
glands； for this would be attended with great danger； as they are
adjacent to the most important nerves。 But the greater part of the
substances external to the glands are to be grasped； for there is no
danger from them。 And this； also； it is proper to know； that if you
raise the arm much； you will