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y Spelman。 Powhatan cut off their boats； and refused to trade； so that Captain West set sail for England。 What ensued cannot be more vividly told than in the 〃General Historie〃：
〃Now we all found the losse of Capt。 Smith； yea his greatest maligners could now curse his losse； as for corne provision and contribution from the salvages； we had nothing but mortall wounds； with clubs and arrowes； as for our hogs； hens； goats； sheep； horse； or what lived； our commanders； officers and salvages daily consumed them； some small proportions sometimes we tasted； till all was devoured； then swords； arms； pieces or anything was traded with the salvages； whose cruell fingers were so oft imbrued in our blouds； that what by their crueltie； our Governor's indiscretion； and the losse of our ships； of five hundred within six months after Capt。 Smith's departure； there remained not past sixty men； women and children； most miserable and poore creatures； and those were preserved for the most part； by roots； herbes； acorns； walnuts； berries； now and then a little fish； they that had starch in these extremities made no small use of it； yea； even the very skinnes of our horses。 Nay； so great was our famine； that a salvage we slew and buried； the poorer sort took him up again and eat him； and so did divers one another boyled； and stewed with roots and herbs。 And one amongst the rest did kill his wife； poudered her and had eaten part of her before it was knowne； for which he was executed； as he well deserved； now whether she was better roasted； boyled； or carbonaded； I know not； but of such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of。 This was that time； which still to this day we called the starving time； it were too vile to say and scarce to be believed what we endured； but the occasion was our owne； for want of providence； industrie and government； and not the barreness and defect of the country as is generally supposed。〃
This playful allusion to powdered wife； and speculation as to how she was best cooked； is the first instance we have been able to find of what is called 〃American humor；〃 and Captain Smith has the honor of being the first of the 〃American humorists〃 who have handled subjects of this kind with such pleasing gayety。
It is to be noticed that this horrible story of cannibalism and wife… eating appears in Smith's 〃General Historie〃 of 1624； without a word of contradiction or explanation； although the company as early as 1610 had taken pains to get at the facts； and Smith must have seen their 〃Declaration；〃 which supposes the story was started by enemies of the colony。 Some reported they saw it； some that Captain Smith said so； and some that one Beadle； the lieutenant of Captain Davis； did relate it。 In 〃A True Declaration of the State of the Colonie in Virginia；〃 published by the advice and direction of the Council of Virginia； London； 1610； we read：
〃But to clear all doubt； Sir Thomas Yates thus relateth the tragedie：
〃There was one of the company who mortally hated his wife； and therefore secretly killed her； then cut her in pieces and hid her in divers parts of his house： when the woman was missing； the man suspected； his house searched； and parts of her mangled body were discovered； to excuse himself he said that his wife died； that he hid her to satisfie his hunger； and that he fed daily upon her。 Upon this his house was again searched； when they found a good quantitie of meale； oatmeale； beanes and pease。 Hee therefore was arraigned； confessed the murder； and was burned for his horrible villainy。〃
This same 〃True Declaration；〃 which singularly enough does not mention the name of Captain Smith； who was so prominent an actor in Virginia during the period to which it relates； confirms all that Smith said as to the character of the colonists； especially the new supply which landed in the eight vessels with Ratcliffe and Archer。 〃Every man overvalueing his own strength would be a commander； every man underprizing another's value； denied to be commanded。〃 They were negligent and improvident。 〃Every man sharked for his present bootie； but was altogether careless of succeeding penurie。〃 To idleness and faction was joined treason。 About thirty 〃unhallowed creatures；〃 in the winter of 1610； some five months before the arrival of Captain Gates； seized upon the ship Swallow； which had been prepared to trade with the Indians； and having obtained corn conspired together and made a league to become pirates； dreaming of mountains of gold and happy robberies。 By this desertion they weakened the colony； which waited for their return with the provisions； and they made implacable enemies of the Indians by their violence。 〃These are that scum of men；〃 which； after roving the seas and failing in their piracy； joined themselves to other pirates they found on the sea； or returned to England； bound by a mutual oath to discredit the land； and swore they were drawn away by famine。 〃These are they that roared at the tragicall historie of the man eating up his dead wife in Virginia〃〃scandalous reports of a viperous generation。〃
If further evidence were wanting； we have it in 〃The New Life of Virginia；〃 published by authority of the Council； London； 1612。 This is the second part of the 〃Nova Britannia；〃 published in London； 1609。 Both are prefaced by an epistle to Sir Thomas Smith； one of the Council and treasurer； signed 〃R。 I。〃 Neither document contains any allusion to Captain John Smith； or the part he played in Virginia。 The 〃New Life of Virginia；〃 after speaking of the tempest which drove Sir Thomas Gates on Bermuda； and the landing of the eight ships at Jamestown； says： 〃By which means the body of the plantation was now augmented with such numbers of irregular persons that it soon became as so many members without a head； who as they were bad and evil affected for the most part before they went hence； so now being landed and wanting restraint； they displayed their condition in all kinds of looseness； those chief and wisest guides among them （whereof there were not many） did nothing but bitterly contend who should be first to command the rest； the common sort； as is ever seen in such cases grew factious and disordered out of measure； in so much as the poor colony seemed （like the Colledge of English fugitives in Rome） as a hostile camp within itself； in which distemper that envious man stept in； sowing plentiful tares in the hearts of all； which grew to such speedy confusion； that in few months ambition； sloth and idleness had devoured the fruit of former labours； planting and sowing were clean given over； the houses decayed； the church fell to ruin； the store was spent； the cattle consumed； our people starved； and the Indians by wrongs and injuries made our enemies。。。。 As for those wicked Impes that put themselves a shipboard； not knowing otherwise how to live in England； or those ungratious sons that daily vexed their fathers hearts at home； and were therefore thrust upon the voyage； which either writing thence； or being returned back to cover their own leudnes； do fill mens ears with false reports of their miserable and perilous life in Virginia； let the imputation of misery be to their idleness； and the blood that was spi