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nvasion of an enemy's army。 For not only would lack of fuel cause incalculable hardship and distress from cold； but it would stop transportation； and all manufacturing by machinery run by coal。 The mine operators and the miners were at a deadlock。 The President invited the leaders on both sides to confer with him at the White House。 They came and found him stretched out on an invalid's chair； with one of his legs much bandaged； from an accident he had received in a collision at Pittsfield a few weeks before； but his mental vigor was unsubdued。 John Mitchell spoke for the miners。 The President urged the quarrelers to come to terms。 But the big coal operators would not yield。 They knew that the distress among the mining population was great； and they believed that if the authorities would only maintain peace； the miners would soon be forced to give in。 So the meeting broke up and the 〃coal barons；〃 as the newspapers dubbed the operators； quitted with evident satisfaction。 They felt that they had not only repelled the miners again； but virtually put down the President for interfering in a matter in which he had no legal jurisdiction。
And； in truth； the laws gave the President of the United States no authority to play the role of arbiter in a strike。 His plain duty was to keep the peace。 If a strike resulted in violent disorders he could send United States troops to quell them； but only in case the Governor of the State in which the riots occurred declared himself unable； by the State force at his command； to keep the peace； and requested assistance from the President。 In the coal strike the Governor of Pennsylvania； for reasons which I need not discuss here； refused to call for United States troops； and so did the Pennsylvania Legislature。 Roosevelt acted as a patriotic citizen might act； but being the President； his interference had immensely greater weight than that of any private citizen could have。 He knew the law in the matter； but he believed that the popular opinion of the American people would back him up。
In spite of the first rebuff； therefore； he persuaded the miners and the operators to agree to the appointment of an arbitration commission； and this suggested a settlement which both contestants accepted。 It ended the great coal strike of 1902； but it left behind it much indignation among the American people； who realized for the first time that one of the three or four great industries essential to the welfare and even to the life itself of the Nation； was in the hands of men who preferred their selfish interests to those of the Nation。 It taught several other lessons also； it taught； for instance； that great combinations of Labor may be as dangerous as those of Capital； and as heedless of everything except their own selfish control。 It taught that the people of the States and of the Nation could not go on forever without taking steps to put an end to the already dangerous hostility between Capital and Labor； and that that end must be the establishment of justice for all。 An apologist of the 〃coal barons〃 might have pleaded that they held out not merely for their private gain on that occasion； but in order to defeat the growing menace of Labor。 Their stubbornness might turn back the rising flood of socialism。
Respecters of legal precedent； on the other hand； criticised the President。 They acknowledged his good intentions； but they pointed out that his extra…legal interference set an ominously bad example。 And some of them would have preferred to go cold all winter； and even to have had the quarrel sink into civil war； rather than to have had the constitutional ideals of the Nation distorted or obscured by the President's good…natured endeavor。 Roosevelt himself； however； never held this opinion。 In 1915； he wrote to Mr。 Washburn： 〃I think the settlement of the coal strike was much the most important thing I did about Labor； from every standpoint。〃
I find an intimate letter of his which dates from the time of the conflict itself and gives frankly his motives and apology； if we should call it that。 He admits that his action was not strictly legal； but he asks that； if the President of the United States may not intervene to prevent a widespread calamity； what is his authority worth？ If it had been a national strike of iron…workers or miners； he would have held himself aloof； but the coal strike affected a product necessary to the life and health of the people。 It was easy enough for well…to…do gentlemen to say that they had rather go cold and see the fight carried。 through until the strikers submitted； than to have legal precedence ignored； for these gentlemen had money enough to buy fuel at even an exorbitant price； and they would be warm anyway； while the great mass of the population froze。 I may add that it seems more legal than sensible that any official chosen to preserve the public welfare and health should not be allowed to interpose against persons who would destroy both； and may stir only after the destroyers have caused the catastrophe they aimed at。
Roosevelt's action in the great coal strike not only averted the danger； but it also gave Labor means of judging him fairly。 Every demagogue； from the days of Cleon down； has talked glibly in behalf of the downtrodden or unjustly treated working…men； and we might suppose that the demagogue has acquired enlargement of the heart； owing to his overpowering sympathy with Labor。 But the questions we have to ask about demagogues are two： Is he sincere？ Is he wise？
Sincerity alone has been rather too much exalted as an excuse for the follies and crimes of fanatics and zealots； blatherskites and cranks。 Some of our 〃lunatic fringe〃 of reformers have been heard to palliate the Huns' atrocities in Belgium； by the plea： 〃Ah； but they were so perfectly sincere！〃 Sincerity alone； therefore； is not enough； it must be wise or it may be diabolical。 Now Roosevelt was both sincere and wise。 He left no doubt in the strikers' minds that he sympathized with their sufferings and grievances and with their attempts to better their condition； so far as this could be achieved without violence； and without leaving a permanent state of war between Labor and Capital。 In a word； he did not aim at merely patching up a temporary peace； but at finding； and when found； applying； a remedy to the deep…rooted causes of the quarrel。
In his first message to Congress； the new President said： 〃The most vital problem with which this country； and； for that matter； the whole civilized world； has to deal； is the problem which has for one side the betterment of social conditions； moral and physical； in large cities； and for another side the effort to deal with that tangle of far…reaching questions which we group together when we speak of 'labor。'〃
By his settlement of the coal strike； Roosevelt showed the workers that he would practice towards them the justice which he preached； but this did not mean that he would be unjust towards the capitalists。 They； too； should have justice； and they had it。 He never intended to coddle laborers or to make them feel that； having a grievance； as they alleged； they must be specially favored。 Since Labor is； or should be； common to all men； Roosevelt belie