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Nothing can come of nothing。 He who has laid up no materials can
produce no combinations。
A student unacquainted with the attempts of former adventurers is
always apt to overrate his own abilities； to mistake the most trifling
excursions for discoveries of moment； and every coast new to him for a
new…found country。 If by chance he passes beyond his usual limits； he
congratulates his own arrival at those regions which they who have steered
a better course have long left behind them。
The productions of such minds are seldom distinguished by an air of
originality： they are anticipated in their happiest efforts； and if they are
found to differ in anything from their predecessors； it is only in irregular
sallies and trifling conceits。 The more extensive therefore your
acquaintance is with the works of those who have excelled the more
extensive will be your powers of invention； and what may appear still
more like a paradox； the more original will be your conceptions。 But the
difficulty on this occasion is to determine who ought to be proposed as
models of excellence； and who ought to be considered as the properest
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
guides。
To a young man just arrived in Italy； many of the present painters of
that country are ready enough to obtrude their precepts； and to offer their
own performances as examples of that perfection which they affect to
recommend。 The modern； however； who recommends HIMSELF as a
standard； may justly be suspected as ignorant of the true end； and
unacquainted with the proper object of the art which he professes。 To
follow such a guide will not only retard the student； but mislead him。
On whom； then； can he rely； or who shall show him the path that leads
to excellence？ The answer is obvious： Those great masters who have
travelled the same road with success are the most likely to conduct others。
The works of those who have stood the test of ages have a claim to that
respect and veneration to which no modern can pretend。 The duration
and stability of their fame is sufficient to evince that it has not been
suspended upon the slender thread of fashion and caprice； but bound to the
human heart by every tie of sympathetic approbation。
There is no danger of studying too much the works of those great men；
but how they may be studied to advantage is an inquiry of great
importance。
Some who have never raised their minds to the consideration of the
real dignity of the art； and who rate the works of an artist in proportion as
they excel； or are defective in the mechanical parts； look on theory as
something that may enable them to talk but not to paint better； and
confining themselves entirely to mechanical practice； very assiduously toil
on in the drudgery of copying； and think they make a rapid progress while
they faithfully exhibit the minutest part of a favourite picture。 This
appears to me a very tedious； and I think a very erroneous； method of
proceeding。 Of every large composition； even of those which are most
admired； a great part may be truly said to be common…place。 This；
though it takes up much time in copying； conduces little to improvement。
I consider general copying as a delusive kind of industry； the student
satisfies himself with the appearance of doing something； he falls into the
dangerous habit of imitating without selecting； and of labouring without
any determinate object； as it requires no effort of the mind； he sleeps over
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
his work； and those powers of invention and composition which ought
particularly to be called out and put in action lie torpid； and lose their
energy for want of exercise。
It is an observation that all must have made； how incapable those are
of producing anything of their own who have spent much of their time in
making finished copies。
To suppose that the complication of powers； and variety of ideas
necessary to that mind which aspires to the first honours ill the art of
painting； can be obtained by the frigid contemplation of a few single
models； is no less absurd than it would be in him who wishes to be a poet
to imagine that by translating a tragedy he can acquire to himself sufficient
knowledge of the appearances of nature； the operations of the passions；
and the incidents of life。
The great use in copying； if it be at all useful； should seem to be in
learning to colour； yet even colouring will never be perfectly attained by
servilely copying the mould before you。 An eye critically nice can only
be formed by observing well…coloured pictures with attention： and by
close inspection； and minute examination you will discover； at last； the
manner of handling； the artifices of contrast； glazing； and other expedients；
by which good colourists have raised the value of their tints； and by which
nature has been so happily imitated。
I must inform you； however； that old pictures deservedly celebrated for
their colouring are often so changed by dirt and varnish； that we ought not
to wonder if they do not appear equal to their reputation in the eyes of
unexperienced painters； or young students。 An artist whose judgment is
matured by long observation； considers rather what the picture once was；
than what it is at present。 He has acquired a power by habit of seeing the
brilliancy of tints through the cloud by which it is obscured。 An exact
imitation； therefore； of those pictures； is likely to fill the student's mind
with false opinions； and to send him back a colourist of his own formation；
with ideas equally remote from nature and from art； from the genuine
practice of the masters and the real appearances of things。
Following these rules； and using these precautions； when you have