the foundations of personality-第29章

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y　are　slowly　coming　into　their　own。　Another　difference　between　minds　is　this：　that　intelligence　deals　with　the　relations　between　things　（this　being　a　prime　function　of　speech）；　and　intelligence　only　becomes　intellect　when　it　is　able　to　see　the　world　from　the　standpoint　of　abstract　ideas；　such　as　truth；　beauty；　love；　honor；　goodness；　evil；　justice；　race；　individual；　etc。　The　wider　one　can　generalize　correctly；　the　higher　the　intellect。　The　practical　man　rarely　seeks　wide　generalizations　because　the　truth　of　these　and　their　value　can　only　be　demonstrated　through　the　course　of　long　periods　of　time；　during　which　no　good　to　the　individual　himself　is　seen。　Besides　which；　the　practical　man　knows　that　the　wide　generalization　may　be　an　error。　Practical　aims　are　usually　immediate　aims；　whereas　the　aims　of　intellect　are　essentially　remote　and　may　project　beyond　the　life　of　the　thinker　himself。　We　speak　of　people　as　original　or　as　the　reverse；　with　the　understanding　that　originality　is　the　basis　of　the　world's　progress。　To　be　original　in　thought　is　to　add　new　relationships　to　those　already　accepted；　or　to　substitute　new　ones　for　the　old。　The　original　person　is　not　easily　credulous；　he　applies　to　traditional　teaching　and　procedure　the　acid　test　of　results。　Thus　the　astronomers　who　rejected　the　theological　idea　that　the　earth　was　the　center　of　the　universe　observed　that　eclipses　could　not　be　explained　on　such　a　basis；　and　Harvey；　as　he　dissected　bullocks'　hearts　and　tied　tourniquets　around　his　arms；　could　not　believe　that　Galen's　teaching　on　circulation　fitted　what　he　saw　of　the　veins　and　valves　of　his　arm。　The　original　observer　refuses　to　slide　over　stubborn　facts；　authority　has　less　influence　with　him　than　has　an　apple　dropping　downward。　In　another　way　the　original　thinker　is　constantly　taking　apart　his　experiences　and　readjusting　the　pieces　into　new　combinations　of　beauty；　usefulness　and　truth。　This　he　does　as　artist；　inventor　and　scientist。　Most　originality　lies　in　the　rejection　of　old　ideas　and　methods　as　not　consonant　with　results　and　experience；　in　the　taking　apart　and　the　isolation　of　the　components　of　experience　（analysis）　and　in　their　reassemblage　into　new　combinations　（synthesis）。　The　organizing　activity　of　the　original　mind　is　high；　and　curiosity　and　interest　are　usually　well　maintained。　Unless　there　is　with　these　traits　the　quality　called　good　judgment　（i。e。；　good　choice）；　the　original　is　merely　one　of　those　〃pests〃　who　launch　half…baked　reforms　and　projects　upon　a　weary　world。　We　have　spoken　of　intelligence　as　controlling　and　directing　instinct　and　desire；　as　inhibiting　emotion；　as　exhibiting　itself　in　handicraftsmanship；　as　the　builder　up　of　abstractions　and　the　principles　of　power　and　knowledge；　we　have　omitted　its　relationship　to　speech。　Without　speech　and　its　derivatives；　man　would　still　be　a　naked　savage　and　not　so　well　off　in　his　struggle　for　existence　as　most　of　the　larger　animals。　It　is　possible　that　we　can　think　without　words；　but　surely　very　little　thinking　is　possible　under　such　circumstances。　One　might　conduct　a　business　without　definite　records；　but　it　would　be　a　very　small　one。　Speech　is　a　means　not　only　of　designating　things　but　of　the　manifest　relations　between　things。　It　〃short…cuts〃　thought　so　that　we　may　store　up　a　thousand　experiences　in　one　word。　But　its　stupendous　value　and　effects　lie　in　this；　that　in　words　not　only　do　we　store　up　ourselves　（could　we　be　self…conscious　without　words？）　and　things；　but　we　are　able　to　interchange　ourselves　and　our　things　with　any　one　else　in　the　world　who　understands　our　speech　and　writings。　And　we　may　truly　converse　with　the　dead　and　be　profoundly　changed　by　them。　If　the　germ　plasm　is　the　organ　of　biological　heredity；　speech　and　its　derivatives　are　the　organs　of　social　heredity！　The　power　of　expressing　thought　in　words；　of　compressing　experiences　into　spoken　and　written　symbols；　of　being　eloquent　or　convincing　either　by　tongue　or　pen；　is　thus　a　high　function　of　intelligence。　The　able　speaker　and　writer　has　always　been　powerful；　and　he　has　always　found　a　high　social　value　in　promulgating　the　ideas　of　those　too　busy　or　unfitted　for　this　task；　and　he　has　been　the　chief　agent　in　the　unification　of　groups。　The　danger　that　lies　in　words　as　the　symbols　of　thought　lies　in　the　fact　pointed　out　by　Francis　Bacon＇1＇　（and　in　our　day　by　Wundt　and　Jung）　that　words　have　been　coined　by　the　mass　of　people　and　have　come　to　mean　very　definitely　the　relations　between　things　as　conceived　by　the　ignorant　majority；　so　that　when　the　philosopher　or　scientist　seeks　to　use　them；　he　finds　himself　hampered　by　the　false　beliefs　inherent　in　the　word　and　by　the　lack　of　precision　in　the　current　use　of　words。　Moreover；　words　are　also　a　means　of　stirring　up　emotions；　hate；　love；　passion；　and　become　weapons　in　a　struggle　for　power　and　therefore　obscure　intelligence。　＇1＇　This　is　Bacon's　〃Idols　of　the　Market　Place。〃

Words；　themselves；　arise　in　our　social　relations；　for　the　solitary　human　would　never　speak；　and　the　thought　we　think　of　as　peculiarly　our　own　is　intensely　social。　Indeed；　as　Cooley　pointed　out；　our　thought　is　usually　in　a　dialogue　form　with　an　auditor　who　listens　and　whose　applause　we　desire　and　whose　arguments　we　meet。　In　children；　who　think　aloud；　this　trend　is　obvious；　for　they　say；　〃you；　I；　no；　yes；　I　mustn't；　you　mustn't；〃　and　terms　of　dialogue　and　social　intercourse　appear　constantly。　Thought　and　words　offer　us　the　basis　of　definite　internal　conflict：　one　part　of　us　says　to　the　other；　〃You　must　not　do　that；〃　and　the　other　answers；　〃What　shall　I　do？〃　Desire　may　run　along　smoothly　without　distinct；　internal　verbal　thought　until　it　runs　into　inhibition　which　becomes　at　once　distinctly　verbal　in　its；　〃No！　You　musn't！〃　But　desire　obstructed　also　becomes　verbal　and　we　hear　within　us；　〃I　will！〃　We　live　secure　in　the　belief　that　our　thoughts　are　our　own　and　cannot　be　〃read〃　by　others。　Yet　in　our　intercourse　we　seek　to　read　the　thoughts　of　othersthe　real　thoughtsrecognizing　that　just　as　we　do　not　express　ourselves　either　accurately　or　honestly；　so　may　the　other　be　limited　or　disingenuous。　Whenever　there　occurs　a　feeling　of　inferiority；　the　face　is　averted　so　the　thoughts　may　not　be　read；　and　it　is　very　common　for　people　mentally　diseased　to　believe　that　their　thoughts　are　being　read　and　published。　Indeed；　the　connection　between　thoughts　and　the　personality　may　be　severed　and　the　patient　mistakes　as　an　outside　voice　his　own　thoughts。　A　large　part　of　ancient　and　modern　belief　and　superstition　hinges　on　the　feeling　of　power　in　thought　and　therefore　in　words。　Thought　CAUSES　things　as　any　other　power　does。　Think　something　hard；　use　the　appropriate　word；　and　presto；what　you　desire　is　done。　〃Faith　moves　mountains；〃　and　the　kindred　beliefs　of　the　magic　in　words　have　plunged　the　world　into　abysses　of　superstition。　Thought　is　powerful；　words　are　powerful；　if　combined　with　the　appropriate　action；　and　in　their　indirect　effects。　All　our　triumphs　are　thought　and　word　products；　so；　too；　are　our　defeats。　It　is　not　profitable　for　us　at　this　stage　to　study　the　types　of　intelligence　in　greater　detail。　In　the　larger　aspects　of　intelligence　we　must　regard　it　as　intimately　blended　with　emotions；　mood；　instincts；　and　in　its　co