the foundations of personality-第3章

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theliomata；　where　early　removal　of　the　growth　demonstrates　first　that　a　〃physical〃　agent　changes　mind　and　character；　and　second　that　a　〃physical〃　agent；　such　as　the　knife　of　the　surgeon；　may　act　to　reestablish　mentality。　In　cases　of　hydrocephalus　（or　water　on　the　brain）；　where　there　is　an　abnormal　secretion　of　cerebro…spinal　fluid　acting　to　increase　the　pressure　on　the　brain；　the　simple　expedient　of　withdrawing　the　fluid　by　lumbar　puncture　brings　about　normal　mental　life。　As　the　fluid　again　collects；　the　mental　life　becomes　cloudy；　and　the　character　alters　（irritability；　depressed　mood；　changed　purpose；　lowered　will）；　another　lumbar　puncture　and　presto！the　individual　is　for　a　time　made　over　more　completely　than　conversion　changes　a　sinner；and　more　easily。　Take　the　case　of　the　disease　known　as　General　Paresis；　officially　called　Dementia　Paralytica。　This　disease　is　caused　by　syphilis　and　is　one　of　its　late　results。　The　pathological　changes　are　widespread　throughout　the　brain　but　may　at　the　onset　be　confined　mostly　to　the　frontal　lobes。　The　very　first　change　may　beand　usually　isa　change　in　character！　The　man　hitherto　kind　and　gentle　becomes　irritable；　perhaps　even　brutal。　One　whose　sex　morals　have　been　of　the　most　conventional　kind；　a　loyal　husband；　suddenly　becomes　a　profligate；　reckless　and　debauched；　perhaps　even　perverted。　The　man　of　firm　purposes　and　indefatigable　industry　may　lose　his　grip　upon　the　ambitions　and　strivings　of　his　lifetime　and　become　an　inert　slacker；　to　the　amazement　of　his　associates。　Many　a　fine　character；　many　a　splendid　mind；　has　reached　a　lofty　height　and　then　crumbled　before　the　assaults　of　this　disease　upon　the　brain。　Philosopher；　poet；　artist；　statesman；　captain　of　industry；　handicraftsman；　peasant；　courtesan　and　housewife；all　are　lowered　to　the　same　level　of　dementia　and　destroyed　character　by　the　consequences　of　the　thickened　meninges；　the　altered　blood　vessels　and　the　injured　nerve　cells。　Now　and　then　one　is　fortunate　enough　to　treat　with　success　an　early　case　of　General　Paresis。　And　then　the　reversed　miracle　takes　place；　unfortunately　too　rarely！　The　disordered　mind；　the　altered　character；　leaps　upward　to　its　old　place；after　being　dosed　by　the　marvelous　drug　Salvarsan；　created　by　the　German　Jewish　scientist；　Paul　Ehrlich。　Of　extraordinary　interest　are　the　rare　cases　of　loss　of　personal　identity　seen　after　brain　injury；　say　in　war。　A　man　is　knocked　unconscious　by　a　blow　and　upon　restoration　of　consciousness　is　separated　from　that　past　in　which　his　ego　resides。　He　does　not　know　his　history　or　his　name；　and　that　continuity　of　the　〃self〃　so　deeply　prized　and　held　by　all　religions　to　be　part　of　his　immortality　is　gone。　Then　after　a　little　while；　a　few　days　or　weeks；　the　disarranged　neuronic　pathways　reestablish　themselves　as　usual；and　the　ego　comes　back　to　the　man。　One　might　cite　the　feeble…mindedness　that　results　from　meningitis；　brain　tumor；　brain　abscess；　brain　wounds；　etc。；　as　further　evidence　of　the　dependence　of　mind　upon　brain；　of　its　status　as　a　function　of　brain。　No　philosopher　seriously　doubts　that　equilibrium　and　movement　are　functions　of　the　brain；　and　yet　to　prove　this　there　is　no　evidence　of　any　other　kind　than　that　cited　to　prove　the　relationship　of　mind　to　brain。＇1＇　And　what　applies　to　the　intelligence　applies　as　forcibly　to　character；　for　purpose；　emotion；　mood；　instinct　and　will　are　altered　with　these　diseases。　＇1＇　Except　that　equilibrium　does　not　itself　judge　of　its　relationship　to　brain；　whereas　mind　is　the　sole　judge　of　its　relationship　and　dependence　on　brain。　Since　everything　in　the　world　is　a　mental　event；　mentality　cannot　be　dependent　upon　anything；　and　everything　depends　upon　mind　for　its　existence；　or　at　least　its　recognition。　But　we　get　nowhere　by　such　〃logic〃　gone　mad。　Apply　the　same　kind　of　reasoning　to　brain…mind；　body…mind　relationship　which　anatomists　and　physiologists　apply　to　other　functions；　and　one　can　no　longer　separate　body　and　mind。

Interesting　as　is　the　relationship　between　mind　and　character　and　the　brain；　it　is　at　the　present　overshadowed　by　the　fascinating　relationship　between　these　psychical　activities　and　the　bodily　organs。　What　I　am　about　to　cite　from　medicine　and　biology　is　part　of　the　finest　achievements　of　these　sciences　and　hints　at　a　future　in　which　a　true　science　of　mind　and　character　will　appear。　Certain　of　the　glands　of　the　body　are　described　as　glands　of　internal　secretions　in　that　the　products　of　their　activity；　their　secretions；　are　poured　into　the　blood　stream　rather　than　on　the　surface　of　the　body　or　into　the　digestive　tract。　The　most　prominent　of　these　glands；　all　of　which　are　very　small　and　extraordinarily　active；　are　as　follows：　The　Pituitary　Body　（Hypophysis）a　tiny　structure　which　is　situated　at　the　base　of　the　brain　but　is　not　a　part　of　that　organ。　The　Pineal　Body　（Epiphysis）a　still　smaller　structure；　located　within　the　brain　substance；　having；　however；　no　relationship　to　the　brain。　This　gland　has　only　lately　acquired　a　significance。　Descartes　thought　it　the　seat　of　the　soul　because　it　is　situated　in　the　middle　of　the　brain。　The　Thyroid　gland；　a　somewhat　larger　body；　situated　in　the　front　of　the　neck；　just　beneath　the　larynx。　We　shall　deal　with　this　in　some　detail　later　on。　The　Parathyroids；　minute　organs；　four　in　number；　just　behind　the　thyroid。　The　Thymus；　a　gland　placed　just　within　the　thorax；　which　reaches　its　maximum　size　at　birth　and　then　gradually　recedes　until　at　twenty　it　has　almost　disappeared。　The　Adrenal　glands；　one　on　each　side　of　the　body；　above　and　adjacent　to　the　kidney。　These　glands；　which　are　each　made　up　of　two　opposing　structures；　stand　in　intimate　relation　to　the　sympathetic　nervous　system　and　secrete　a　substance　called　adrenalin。　The　Sex　organs；　the　ovary　in　the　female　and　the　testicle　in　the　male；　in　addition　to　producing　the　female　egg　（ovum）　and　the　male　seed　（sperm）；　respectively；　produce　substances　of　unknown　character　that　have　hugely　important　roles　in　the　establishment　of　mind；　temperament　and　sex　character。　Without　going　into　the　details　of　the　functions　of　the　endocrine　glands；　one　may　say　that　they　are　〃the　managers　of　the　human　body。〃　Every　individual；　from　the　time　he　is　born　until　the　time　he　dies；　is　under　the　influence　of　these　many　different　kinds　of　elements；some　of　them　having　to　do　with　the　development　of　the　bones　and　teeth；　some　with　the　development　of　the　body　and　nervous　system；　some　with　the　development　of　the　mind；　etc。　（and　character）；　and　later　on　with　reproduction。　These　glands　are　not　independent　of　one　another　but　interact　in　a　marvelous　manner　so　that　under　or　overaction　of　any　one　of　them　upsets　a　balance　that　exists　between　them；　and　thus　produces　a　disorder　that　is　quite　generalized　in　its　effects。　The　work　on　this　subject　is　a　tribute　to　medicine　and　one　pauses　in　respect　and　admiration　before　the　names　and　labors　of　Brown；　Sequard；　Addison；　Graves　and　Basedow；　Horsley；　King；　Schiff；　Schafer；　Takamine；　Marie；　Cushing；　Kendal；　Sajous　and　others　of　equal　insight　and　patient　endeavor。　But　let　us　pass　over　to　the　specific　instances　that　bear　on　our　thesis；　to　wit；　that　mind　and　character　are　functions　of　the　organism　and　have　their　seat　not　only　in　the　brain　but　in　the　entire　organism。