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Church of England； by the Independents of the London Missionary Society； the Wesleyans； and the Presbyterians of Scotland and America； was prepared by the German Ziegenbalg and Schwartz under Danish protection。 The English Propagation and Christian Knowledge Societies sent them occasional aid； the first two Georges under the influence of their German chaplains wrote to them encouraging letters； and the East India Company even gave them a free passage in its ships； and employed the sculptor Bacon to prepare the noble group of marble which； in St。 Mary's Church； Madras； expresses its gratitude to Schwartz for his political services。
It was Clive himself who brought to Calcutta the first missionary； Kiernander the Swede； but he was rather a chaplain； or a missionary to the Portuguese； who were nominal Christians of the lowest Romanist type。 The French had closed the Danish mission at Cuddalore； and in 1758 Calcutta was without a Protestant clergyman to bury the dead or baptise or marry the living。 Two years before one of the two chaplains had perished in the tragedy of the Black Hole； where he was found lying hand in hand with his son； a young lieutenant。 The other had escaped down the river only to die of fever along with many more。 The victory of Plassey and the large compensation paid for the destruction of Old Calcutta and its church induced thousands of natives to flock to the new capital； while the number of the European troops and officials was about 2000。 When chaplains were sent out； the Governor…General officially wrote of them to the Court of Directors so late as 1795：〃Our clergy in Bengal； with some exceptions； are not respectable characters。〃 From the general relaxation of morals； he added； 〃a black coat is no security。〃 They were so badly paidfrom ？0 to ？30 a year； increased by ？20 to meet the cost of living in Calcutta after 1764that they traded。 Preaching was the least of the chaplains' duties； burying was the most onerous。 Anglo…Indian society； cut off from London； itself not much better； by a six months' voyage； was corrupt。 Warren Hastings and Philip Francis； his hostile colleague in Council； lived in open adultery。 The majority of the officials had native women； and the increase of their children； who lived in a state worse than that of the heathen； became so alarming that the compensation paid by the Mohammedan Government of Moorshedabad for the destruction of the church was applied to the foundation of the useful charity still known as the Free School。 The fathers not infrequently adopted the Hindoo pantheon along with the zanana。 The pollution； springing from England originally； was rolled back into it in an increasing volume； when the survivors retired as nabobs with fortunes； to corrupt social and political life； till Pitt cried out； and it became possible for Burke almost to succeed in his eighteen years' impeachment of Hastings。 The literature of the close of the eighteenth century is full of alarm lest the English character should be corrupted； and lest the balance of the constitution should be upset。
Kiernander is said to have been the means of converting 209 heathens and 380 Romanists； of whom three were priests； during the twenty…eight years of his Calcutta career。 Claudius Buchanan declares that Christian tracts had been translated into Bengalione written by the Bishop of Sodor and Manand that in the time of Warren Hastings Hindoo Christians had preached to their countrymen in the city。 The 〃heathen〃 were probably Portuguese descendants； in whose language Kiernander preached as the lingua franca of the time。 He could not even converse in Bengali or Hindostani； and when Charles Grant went to him for information as to the way of a sinner's salvation this happened〃My anxious inquiries as to what I should do to be saved appeared to embarrass and confuse him exceedingly。 He could not answer my questions； but he gave me some good instructive books。〃 On Kiernander's bankruptcy； caused by his son when the father was blind； the 〃Mission Church〃 was bought by Grant； who wrote that its labours 〃have been confined to the descendants of Europeans； and have hardly ever embraced a single heathen； so that a mission to the Hindoos and Mohammedans would be a new thing。〃 The Rev。 David Brown； who had been sent out the year after as master and chaplain of the Military Orphan Society； for the education of the children of officers and soldiers； and was to become one of the Serampore circle of friends； preached to Europeans only in the Mission Church。 Carey could find no trace of Kiernander's work among the natives six years after his death。8 The only converted Hindoo known of in Northern India up to that time was Guneshan Dass； of Delhi； who when a boy joined Clive's army； who was the first man of caste to visit England； and who； on his return with the Calcutta Supreme Court Judges in 1774 as Persian interpreter and translator； was baptised by Kiernander； Mr。 justice Chambers being sponsor。
William Carey had no predecessor in India as the first ordained Englishman who was sent to it as a missionary； he had no predecessor in Bengal and Hindostan proper as the first missionary from any land to the people。 Even the Moravians； who in 1777 had sent two brethren to Serampore； Calcutta； and Patna； had soon withdrawn them； and one of them became the Company's botanist in MadrasDr。 Heyne。 Carey practically stood alone at the first； while he unconsciously set in motion the double revolution； which was to convert the Anglo…Indian influence on England from corrupting heathenism to aggressive missionary zeal； and to change the Bengal of Cornwallis into the India of Bentinck； with all the possibilities that have made it grow； thus far； into the India of the Lawrences。
CHAPTER IV
SIX YEARS IN NORTH BENGALMISSIONARY AND INDIGO PLANTER
1794…1799
Carey's two missionary principlesDestitute in CalcuttaBandel and NuddeaApplies in vain to be under…superintendent of the Botanic GardenHoused by a native usurerTranslation and preaching work in CalcuttaSecures a grant of waste land at HasnabadEstimate of the Bengali language； and appeal to the Society to work in Asia and Africa rather than in AmericaThe Udny familyCarey's summary of his first year's experienceSuperintends the indigo factory of MudnabatiIndigo and the East India Company's monopoliesCarey's first nearly fatal sicknessDeath of his child and chronic madness of his wifeFormation of first Baptist church in IndiaEarly progress of Bible translationSanskrit studies； the MahabarataThe wooden printing…press set up at MudnabatiHis educational ideal； school…workThe medical missionLord WellesleyCarey seeks a mission centre among the BhooteasDescribes his first sight of a SatiProjects a mission settlement at Kidderpore。
Carey was in his thirty…third year when he landed in Bengal。 Two principles regulated the conception； the foundation； and the whole course of the mission which he now began。 He had been led to these by the very genius of Christianity itself； by the example and teaching of Christ and of Paul； and by the experience of the Moravian brethren。 He had laid them down in his Enquiry； and every month's residence during forty years in