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tch from London gives this singular information： 〃All private establishments in Birmingham and London are now working for the States of Ohio； Connecticut； and Massachusetts； except the London Armory； whose manufacture is supposed to go to the Rebels； but of this last fact I am not positively informed。 I am making arrangements to secure these establishments for our Government； if desirable after the present State contracts expire。 On the Continent； Messrs； Dayton and Sanford。。。have been making contracts and agreements of various kinds； of which you are by this time informed。〃 Soon afterward； from Paris； he made a long report detailing the difficulties of his task； the limitations of the existing munitions plants in Europe； and promising among other things those 〃48；000 rifles from the French government arsenals〃 for which； in the letter already quoted； the War Department yearned。 It was an enormous labor； and； strive as he would； Schuyler found American mail continuing to bring him such letters as this from the Assistant Secretary of War in October： 〃I notice with much regret that ＇in the latest consignment＇ there were no guns sent； as it was confidently expected that 20；000 would arrive by the ＇steamship＇ Fulton； and accordingly arrangements had been made to distribute them through the different States。 Prompt and early shipments of guns are desirable。 We hope to hear by next steamer that you have shipped from 80；000 to 100；000 stand。〃
The last word on the problem of munitions； which was so significant a factor in the larger problem； is the report of the United States Ordnance Office for the first year of the war。 It shows that between April； 1861； and June； 1862； the Government purchased from American manufacturers somewhat over 30；000 rifles； and that from European makers it purchased 726；000。
From these illustrations it is therefore obvious that the true measure of the immediate strength of the American contestants in 1861 was the extent of their ability to supply themselves from Europe； and this； stated more concretely； became the question as to which was the better able to keep its ports open and receive the absolutely essential European aid。 Lincoln showed his clear realization of the situation when he issued； immediately after the first call for volunteers； a proclamation blockading the Southern coasts。 Whether the Northern people at the time appreciated the significance of this order is a question。 Amid the wild and vain clamor of the multitude in 1861； with its conventional and old…fashioned notion of war as a thing of trumpets and glittering armies； the North seems wholly to have ignored its fleet； and yet in the beginning this resource was its only strength。
The fleet was small； to be sure； but its task was at first also small。 There were few Southern ports which were doing a regular business with Europe； and to close these was not difficult。 As other ports opened and the task of blockade grew； the Northern navy also increased。 Within a few months； to the few observers who did not lose their heads； it was plain that the North had won the first great contest of the war。 It had so hampered Southern trade that Lincoln's advantage in arming the North from Europe was ten to one。 At the very time when detractors of Lincoln were hysterical over the removal of Fremont； when Grimes wrote to Fessenden that the country was going to the dogs as fast as imbecility could carry it； this great achievement had quietly taken place。 An expedition sailing in August from Fortress Monroe seized the forts which commanded Hatteras Inlet off the coast of North Carolina。 In November； Commander Dupont； U。 S。 N。； seized Port Royal； one of the best harbors on the coast of South Carolina； and established there a naval base。 Thenceforth； while the open Northern ports received European munitions without hindrance； it was a risky business getting munitions into the ports of the South。 Only the boldest traders would attempt to 〃run the blockade；〃 to evade the Federal patrol ships by night and run into a Southern port。
However； for one moment in the autumn of 1861； it seemed as if all the masterful work of the Northern navy would be undone by the Northern people themselves in backing up the rashness of Captain Charles Wilkes； of the war…ship San Jacinto。 On the high seas he overhauled the British mail steamer； Trent。 Aboard her were two Confederate diplomatic agents； James M。 Mason and John Slidell； who had run the blockade from Charleston to Havana and were now on their way to England。 Wilkes took off the two Confederates as prisoners of war。 The crowd in the North went wild。 〃We do not believe；〃 said the New York Times； 〃that the American heart ever thrilled with more sincere delight。〃
The intemperate joy of the crowd over the rashness of Wilkes was due in part to a feeling of bitterness against the British Government。 In May； 1861； the Queen had issued a proclamation of neutrality； whose justification in international law was hotly debated at the time and was generally denied by Northerners。 England was the great cotton market of the world。 To the excited Northern mind； in 1861； there could be but one explanation of England's action： a partisan desire to serve the South； to break up the blockade； and to secure cotton。 Whether such was the real purpose of the ministry then in power is now doubted； but at that time it was the beginning of a sharp contention between the two Governments。 The Trent affair naturally increased the tension。 So keen was the indignation of all classes of Englishmen that it seemed； for a moment； as if the next step would be war。
In America； the prompt demand for the release of Mason and Slidell was met； at first； in a spirit equally bellicose。 Fortunately there were cool and clear heads that at once condemned Wilkes's action as a gross breach of international law。 Prominent among these was Sumner。 The American Government； however； admitted the justice of the British demand and the envoys were released。
Relations with the United States now became a burning issue in English politics。 There were three distinct groups in Parliament。 The representatives of the aristocracy； whether Liberals or Conservatives； in the main sympathized with the South。 So did most of the large manufacturers whose business interests were affected by cotton。 Great bitterness grew up among the Northerners against both these groups； partly because in the past many of their members had condemned slavery and had said scornful things about America for tolerating it。 To these Northerners the Englishmen replied that Lincoln himself had declared the war was not over slavery； that it was an ordinary civil war not involving moral issues。 Nevertheless； the third Parliamentary group insisted that the American war； no matter what the motives of the participants； would； in the event of a Northern victory； bring about the abolition of slavery； whereas； if the South won； the result would be the perpetuation of slavery。 This third group； therefore； threw all its weight on the side of the North。 In this group Lincoln recognized his allies； and their cause he identified with his own in his letter to English workmen which