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every aspiration； every humour； every virtue； every whim。 In each of his
activities the Greek found something wonderful； and called it God： the
hearth at which he warmed himself and cooked his food； the street in
which his house stood； the horse he rode； the cattle he pastured； the wife
he married； the child that was born to him； the plague of which he died or
from which he recovered； each suggested a deity； and he made one to
preside over each。 So too with qualities and powers more abstract。〃 R。W。
Livingstone： The Greek Genius and Its Meaning to Us； pp。 51…52。
Livingstone discusses the Greek Genius as displayed to us in certain
〃notes〃the Note of Beautythe Desire for Freedomthe Note of
Directnessthe Note of Humanismthe Note of Sanity and of Many…
sidedness。 Upon some of these characteristics we shall have occasion to
dwell in the brief sketch of the rise of scientific medicine among this
wonderful people。
We have seen that the primitive man and in the great civilizations of
Egypt and Babylonia； the physician evolved from the priestin Greece he
had a dual origin； philosophy and religion。 Let us first trace the origins in
the philosophers； particularly in the group known as the Ionian
Physiologists； whether at home or as colonists in the south of Italy； in
whose work the beginnings of scientific medicine may be found。 Let me
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
quote a statement from Gomperz：
〃We can trace the springs of Greek success achieved and maintained
by the great men of Hellas on the field of scientific inquiry to a remarkable
conjunction of natural gifts and conditions。 There was the teeming wealth
of constructive imagination united with the sleepless critical spirit which
shrank from no test of audacity； there was the most powerful impulse to
generalization coupled with the sharpest faculty for descrying and
distinguishing the finest shades of phenomenal peculiarity； there was the
religion of Hellas； which afforded complete satisfaction to the
requirements of sentiment； and yet left the intelligence free to perform its
destructive work； there were the political conditions of a number of rival
centres of intellect； of a friction of forces； excluding the possibility of
stagnation； and； finally； of an order of state and society strict enough to
curb the excesses of 'children crying for the moon；' and elastic enough not
to hamper the soaring flight of superior minds。。。。 We have already made
acquaintance with two of the sources from which the spirit of criticism
derived its nourishmentthe metaphysical and dialectical discussions
practiced by the Eleatic philosophers； and the semi…historical method
which was applied to the myths by Hecataeus and Herodotus。 A third
source is to be traced to the schools of the physicians。 These aimed at
eliminating the arbitrary element from the view and knowledge of nature；
the beginnings of which were bound up with it in a greater or less degree；
though practically without exception and by the force of an inner necessity。
A knowledge of medicine was destined to correct that defect； and we shall
mark the growth of its most precious fruits in the increased power of
observation and the counterpoise it offered to hasty generalizations； as
well as in the confidence which learnt to reject untenable fictions； whether
produced by luxuriant imagination or by a priori speculations； on the
similar ground of self…reliant sense…perception。〃＇3＇
＇3＇ Gomperz： Greek Thinkers； Vol。 I； p。 276。
The nature philosophers of the Ionian days did not contribute much to
medicine proper； but their spirit and their outlook upon nature influenced
its students profoundly。 Their bold generalizations on the nature of matter
and of the elements are still the wonder of chemists。 We may trace to one
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
of them； Anaximenes； who regarded air as the primary principle； the
doctrine of the 〃pneuma；〃 or the breath of lifethe psychic force which
animates the body and leaves it at death〃Our soul being air； holds us
together。〃 Of another； the famous Heraclitus； possibly a physician； the
existing fragments do not relate specially to medicine； but to the
philosopher of fire may be traced the doctrine of heat and moisture； and
their antitheses； which influenced practice for many centuries。 There is
evidence in the Hippocratic treatise peri sarkwn of an attempt to apply this
doctrine to the human body。 The famous expression； panta rhei；〃all
things are flowing；〃expresses the incessant flux in which he believed and
in which we know all matter exists。 No one has said a ruder thing of the
profession； for an extant fragment reads： 〃。 。 。 physicians； who cut； burn；
stab； and rack the sick； then complain that they do not get any adequate
recompense for it。〃＇4＇
＇4＇ J。 Burnet： Early Greek Philosophy； 1892； p。 137； Bywater's no。
LVIII。
The South Italian nature philosophers contributed much more to the
science of medicine； and in certain of the colonial towns there were
medical schools as early as the fifth century B。C。 The most famous of
these physician philosophers was Pythagoras； whose life and work had an
extraordinary influence upon medicine； particularly in connection with his
theory of numbers； and the importance of critical days。 His discovery of
the dependence of the pitch of sound on the length of the vibrating chord
is one of the most fundamental in acoustics。 Among the members of the
school which he founded at Crotona were many physicians。 who carried
his views far and wide throughout Magna Graecia。 Nothing in his teaching
dominated medicine so much as the doctrine of numbers； the sacredness of
which seems to have had an enduring fascination for the medical mind。
Many of the common diseases； such as malaria； or typhus； terminating
abruptly on special days； favored this belief。 How dominant it became and
how persistent you may judge from the literature upon critical days； which
is rich to