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own。 The new dispensation made any other superfluous。 As Tertullian said：
Investigation since the Gospel is no longer necessary。 （Dannemann； Die
Naturw。； I； p。 214。） The attitude of the early Fathers toward the body is
well expressed by Jerome。 〃Does your skin roughen without baths？ Who is
once washed in the blood of Christ needs not wash again。〃 In this
unfavorable medium for its growth； science was simply disregarded； not in
any hostile spirit； but as unnecessary。＇2＇ And a third contributing factor
was the plague of the sixth century； which desolated the whole Roman
world。 On the top of the grand mausoleum of Hadrian； visitors at Rome
see the figure of a gilded angel with a drawn sword； from which the
present name of the Castle of St。 Angelo takes its origin。 On the twenty…
fifth of April； 590； there set out from the Church of SS。 Cosmas and
Damian； already the Roman patron saints of medicine； a vast procession；
led by St。 Gregory the Great； chanting a seven…fold litany of intercession
against the plague。 The legend relates that Gregory saw on the top of
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Hadrian's tomb an angel with a drawn sword； which he sheathed as the
plague abated。
＇1＇ H。 O。 Taylor： The Mediaeval Mind； 2 vols。； Macmillan Co。； New
York； 1911。 ＇New edition； 1920。＇
＇2＇ Ibid。； Vol。 1； p。 13： 〃Under their action ＇the Christian Fathers＇ the
peoples of Western Europe； from the eighth to the thirteenth century；
passed through a homogeneous growth； and evolved a spirit different from
that of any other period of historya spirit which stood in awe before its
monitors divine and human； and deemed that knowledge was to be drawn
from the storehouse of the past； which seemed to rely on everything
except its sin…crushed self； and trusted everything except its senses； which
in the actual looked for the ideal； in the concrete saw the symbol； in the
earthly Church beheld the heavenly； and in fleshly joys discerned the
devil's lures； which lived in the unreconciled opposition between the lust
and vain…glory of earth and the attainment of salvation； which felt life's
terror and its pitifulness； and its eternal hope； around which waved
concrete infinitudes； and over which flamed the terror of darkness and the
Judgment Day。〃
Galen died about 200 A。D。； the high…water mark of the Renaissance；
so far as medicine is concerned； was reached in the year 1542。 In order to
traverse this long interval intelligently； I will sketch certain great
movements； tracing the currents of Greek thought； setting forth in their
works the lives of certain great leaders； until we greet the dawn of our own
day。
After flowing for more than a thousand years through the broad plain
of Greek civilization； the stream of scientific medicine which we have
been following is apparently lost in the morass of the Middle Ages； but；
checked and blocked like the White Nile in the Soudan； three channels
may be followed through the weeds of theological and philosophical
speculation。
SOUTH ITALIAN SCHOOL
A WIDE stream is in Italy； where the 〃antique education never stopped；
antique reminiscence and tradition never passed away； and the literary
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
matter of the pagan past never faded from the consciousness of the more
educated among the laity and clergy。〃＇3＇ Greek was the language of South
Italy and was spoken in some of its eastern towns until the thirteenth
century。 The cathedral and monastic schools served to keep alive the
ancient learning。 Monte Casino stands pre…eminent as a great hive of
students； and to the famous Regula of St。 Benedict＇4＇ we are indebted for
the preservation of many precious manuscripts。
＇3＇ H。 O。 Taylor： The Mediaeval Mind； Vol。 I； p。 251。
＇4＇ De Renzi： Storia Documentata della Scuola Medica di Salerno； 2d
ed。； Napoli； 1867； Chap。 V。
The Norman Kingdom of South Italy and Sicily was a meeting
ground of Saracens； Greeks and Lombards。 Greek； Arabic and Latin were
in constant use among the people of the capital； and Sicilian scholars of
the twelfth century translated directly from the Greek。
The famous 〃Almagest〃 of Ptolemy； the most important work of
ancient astronomy； was translated from a Greek manuscript； as early as
1160； by a medical student of Salerno。＇5＇
＇5＇ Haskins and Lockwood： Harvard Studies in Classical Philology；
1910； XXI； pp。 75…102。
About thirty miles southeast of Naples lay Salernum； which for
centuries kept alight the lamp of the old learning； and became the centre of
medical studies in the Middle Ages； well deserving its name of 〃Civitas
Hippocratica。〃 The date of foundation is uncertain； but Salernitan
physicians are mentioned as early as the middle of the ninth century； and
from this date until the rise of the universities it was not only a great
medical school； but a popular resort for the sick and wounded。 As the
scholar says in Longfellow's 〃Golden Legend〃：
Then at every season of the year There are crowds of guests and
travellers here； Pilgrims and mendicant friars and traders From the Levant；
with figs and wine； And bands of wounded and sick Crusaders； Coming
back from Palestine。
There were medical and surgical clinics； foundling hospitals； Sisters
of Charity； men and women professorsamong the latter the famous
Trotulaand apothecaries。 Dissections were carried out； chiefly upon
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animals； and human subjects were occasionally used。 In the eleventh and
twelfth centuries； the school reached its height； and that remarkable genius；
Frederick II； laid down regulations for a preliminary study extending over
three years； and a course in medicine for five years； including surgery。 Fee
tables and strict regulations as to practice were made； and it is specifically
stated