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ed Haiti into what is practically a protectorate。
CHAPTER XII。 PAN…AMERICANISM AND THE GREAT WAR
While the Hispanic republics were entering upon the second century of their independent life； the idea of a certain community of interests between themselves and the United States began to assume a fairly definite form。 Though emphasized by American statesmen and publicists in particular； the new point of view was not generally understood or appreciated by the people of either this country or its fellow nations to the southward。 It seemed； nevertheless； to promise an effective cooperation in spirit and action between them and came therefore to be called 〃Pan…Americanism。〃
This sentiment of inter…American solidarity sprang from several sources。 The periodical conferences of the United States and its sister republics gave occasion for an interchange of official courtesies and expressions of good feeling。 Doubtless； also； the presence of delegates from the Hispanic countries at the international gatherings at The Hague served to acquaint the world at large with the stability； strength； wealth； and culture of their respective lands。 Individual Americans took an active interest in their fellows of Hispanic stock and found their interest reciprocated。 Motives of business or pleasure and a desire to obtain personal knowledge about one another led to visits and countervisits that became steadily more frequent。 Societies were created to encourage the friendship and acquaintance thus formed。 Scientific congresses were held and institutes were founded in which both the United States and Hispanic America were represented。 Books； articles； and newspaper accounts about one another's countries were published in increasing volume。 Educational institutions devoted a constantly growing attention to inter…American affairs。 Individuals and commissions were dispatched by the Hispanic nations and the United States to study one another's conditions and to confer about matters of mutual concern。 Secretaries of State； Ministers of Foreign Affairs； and other distinguished personages interchanged visits。 Above all； the common dangers and responsibilities falling upon the Americas at large as a consequence of the European war seemed likely to bring the several nations into a harmony of feeling and relationship to which they had never before attained。
Pan…Americanism； however； was destined to remain largely a generous ideal。 The action of the United States in extending its direct influence over the small republics in and around the Caribbean aroused the suspicion and alarm of Hispanic Americans； who still feared imperialistic designs on the part of that country now more than ever the Colossus of the North。 〃The art of oratory among the Yankees；〃 declared a South American critic； 〃is lavish with a fraternal idealism； but strong wills enforce their imperialistic ambitions。〃 Impassioned speakers and writers adjured the ghost of Hispanic confederation to rise and confront the new northern peril。 They even advocated an appeal to Great Britain； Germany； or Japan； and they urged closer economic； social； and intellectual relations with the countries of Europe。
It was while the United States was thus widening the sphere of its influence in the Caribbean that the 〃A B C〃 powersArgentina； Brazil； and Chilereached an understanding which was in a sense a measure of self…defense。 For some years cordial relations had existed among these three nations which had grown so remarkably in strength and prestige。 It was felt that by united action they might set up in the New World the European principle of a balance of power； assume the leadership in Hispanic America； and serve in some degree as a counterpoise to the United States。 Nevertheless they were disposed to cooperate with their northern neighbor in the peaceable adjustment of conflicts in which other Hispanic countries were concerned； provided that the mediation carried on by such a 〃concert of the western world〃 did not include actual intervention in the internal affairs of the countries involved。
With this attitude of the public mind； it is not strange that the Hispanic republics at large should have been inclined to look with scant favor upon proposals made by the United States； in 1916； to render the spirit of Pan…Americanism more precise in its operation。 The proposals in substance were these： that all the nations of America 〃mutually agree to guarantee the territorial integrity〃 of one another； to 〃maintain a republican form of government〃； to prohibit the 〃exportation of arms to any but the legally constituted governments〃； and to adopt laws of neutrality which would make it 〃impossible to filibustering expeditions to threaten or carry on revolutions in neighboring republics。〃 These proposals appear to have received no formal approval beyond what is signified by the diplomatic expression 〃in principle。〃 Considering the disparity in strength； wealth； and prestige between the northern country and its southern fellows； suggestions of the sort could be made practicable only by letting the United States do whatever it might think needful to accomplish the objects which it sought。 Obviously the Hispanic nations； singly or collectively； would hardly venture to take any such action within the borders of the United States itself； if； for example； it failed to maintain what； in their opinion； was 〃a republican form of government。〃 A full acceptance of the plan accordingly would have amounted to a recognition of American overlordship； and this they were naturally not disposed to admit。
The common perils and duties confronting the Americas as a result of the Great War； however； made close cooperation between the Hispanic republics and the United States up to a certain point indispensable。 Toward that transatlantic struggle the attitude of all the nations of the New World at the outset was substantially the same。 Though strongly sympathetic on the whole with the 〃Allies〃 and notably with France； the southern countries nevertheless declared their neutrality。 More than that； they tried to convert neutrality into a Pan…American policy； instead of regarding it as an official attitude to be adopted by the republics separately。 Thus when the conflict overseas began to injure the rights of neutrals； Argentina and other nations urged that the countries of the New World jointly agree to declare that direct maritime commerce between American lands should be considered as 〃inter…American coastwise trade；〃 and that the merchant ships engaged in it； whatever the flag under which they sailed； should be looked upon as neutral。 Though the South American countries failed to enlist the support of their northern neighbor in this bold departure from international precedent； they found some compensation for their disappointment in the closer commercial and financial relations which they established with the United States。
Because of the dependence of the Hispanic nations； and especially those of the southern group； on the intimacy of their economic ties with the belligerents overseas； they suffered from the ravages of the struggle more perhaps than other lands outside of Europe。 Negotiations for prospective loans were dropped。