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property； with the exception of tame animals。 Consider；…there was
the original material； which ought to have been placed first； next
come instruments； vessels； vehicles； defences； playthings；
nourishment； small things； which may be…included under one
of these…as
for example； coins； seals and stamps； are omitted； for they have not
in them the character of any larger kind which includes
them； but some
of them may； with a little forcing； be placed among ornaments； and
others may be made to harmonize with the class of implements。 The
art of herding； which has been already divided into parts； will
include all property in tame animals except slaves。
Y。 Soc。 Very true。
Str。 The class of slaves and ministers only remains； and I suspect
that in this the real aspirants for the throne； who are the rivals
of the king in the formation of the political web； will be
discovered；
just as spinners； carders； and the rest of them； were the rivals of
the weaver。 All the others； who were termed co…operators； have been
got rid of among the occupations already mentioned； and
separated from
the royal and political science。
Y。 Soc。 I agree。
Str。 Let us go a little nearer； in order that we may be
more certain
of the complexion of this remaining class。
Y。 Soc。 Let us do so。
Str。 We shall find from our present point of view that the
greatest servants are in a case and condition which is the reverse
of what we anticipated。
Y。 Soc。 Who are they？
Str。 Those who have been purchased； and have so become
possessions； these are unmistakably slaves； and certainly do
not claim
royal science。
Y。 Soc。 Certainly not。
Str。 Again； freemen who of their own accord become the servants of
the other classes in a State； and who exchange and equalise the
products of husbandry and the other arts； some sitting in the
market…place； others going from city to city by land or sea； and
giving money in exchange for money or for other productions…the
money…changer； the merchant； the ship…owner； the retailer； will not
put in any claim to statecraft or politics？
Y。 Soc。 No； unless； indeed； to the politics of commerce。
Str。 But surely men whom we see acting as hirelings and serfs； and
too happy to turn their hand to anything； will not profess
to share in
royal science？
Y。 Soc。 Certainly not。
Str。 But what would you say of some other serviceable officials？
Y。 Soc。 Who are they； and what services do they perform？
Str。 There are heralds； and scribes perfected by practice； and
divers others who have great skill in various sorts of business
connected with the government of states…what shall we call them？
Y。 Soc。 They are the officials； and servants of the rulers； as you
just now called them； but not themselves rulers。
Str。 There may be something strange in any servant pretending to
be a ruler； and yet I do not think that I could have been dreaming
when I imagined that the principal claimants to political science
would be found somewhere in this neighbourhood。
Y。 Soc。 Very true。
Str。 Well； let us draw nearer； and try the claims of some who have
not yet been tested； in the first place； there are diviners； who
have a portion of servile or ministerial science； and are thought to
be the interpreters of the gods to men。
Y。 Soc。 True。
Str。 There is also the priestly class； who； as the law declares；
know how to give the gods gifts from men in the form of sacrifices
which are acceptable to them； and to ask on our behalf blessings in
return from them。 Now both these are branches of the servile or
ministerial art。
Y。 Soc。 Yes； clearly。
Str。 And here I think that we seem to be getting on the
right track；
for the priest and the diviner are swollen with pride and
prerogative；
and they create an awful impression of themselves by the magnitude
of their enterprises； in Egypt； the king himself is not allowed to
reign； unless he have priestly powers； and if he should be of
another class and has thrust himself in； he must get enrolled in the
priesthood。 In many parts of Hellas； the duty of offering the most
solemn propitiatory sacrifices is assigned to the highest
magistracies； and here； at Athens； the most solemn and
national of the
ancient sacrifices are supposed to be celebrated by him who has been
chosen by lot to be the King Archon。
Y。 Soc。 Precisely。
Str。 But who are these other kings and priests elected by lot who
now come into view followed by their retainers and a vast throng； as
the former class disappears and the scene changes？
Y。 Soc。 Whom can you mean？
Str。 They are a strange crew。
Y。 Soc。 Why strange？
Str。 A minute ago I thought that they were animals of every tribe；
for many of them are like lions and centaurs； and many more like
satyrs and such weak and shifty creatures；…Protean shapes quickly
changing into one another's forms and natures； and now； Socrates； I
begin to see who they are。
Y。 Soc。 Who are they？ You seem to be gazing on some strange vision。
Str。 Yes； every one looks strange when you do not know
him； and just
now I myself fell into this mistake…at first sight； coming suddenly
upon him； I did not recognize the politician and his troop。
Y。 Soc。 Who is he？
Str。 The chief of Sophists and most accomplished of wizards； who
must at any cost be separated from the true king or Statesman； if we
are ever to see daylight in the present enquiry。
Y。 Soc。 That is a hope not lightly to be renounced。
Str。 Never； if I can help it； and； first； let me ask you a
question。
Y。 Soc。 What？
Str。 Is not monarchy a recognized form of government？
Y。 Soc。 Yes。
Str。 And； after monarchy； next in order comes the government of
the few？
Y。 Soc。 Of course。
Str。 Is not the third form of government the rule of the
multitude； which is called by the name of democracy？
Y。 Soc。 Certainly。
Str。 And do not these three expand in a manner into five；
producing out of themselves two other names Y。 Soc。 What are they？
Y。 Soc。 What are they？
Str。 There is a criterion of voluntary and involuntary； poverty
and riches； law and the absence of law； which men now…a…days apply
to them； the two first they subdivide accordingly； and ascribe to
monarchy two forms and two corresponding names； royalty and tyranny。
Y。 Soc。 Very true。
Str。 And the government of the few they distinguish by the names
of aristocracy and oligarchy。
Y。 Soc。 Certainly。
Str。 Democracy alone； whether rigidly observing the laws
or not； and
whether the multitude rule over the men of property with
their consent
or against their consent； always in ordinary language has the same
name。
Y。 Soc。 True。
Str。 But do you suppose that any form of government which
is defined
by these characteristics of the one； the few； or the many； of
poverty or wealth； of voluntary or compulsory submission； of written
law or the absence of law； can be a right one？
Y。 Soc。 Why not？
Str。 Reflect； and follow me。
Y。 Soc。 In what direction？
Str。 Shall we abide by what we said at first； or shall we ret