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This； briefly； is the history of the work； which； with the 〃Origin of Species〃； marks an epoch in the history of biological sciencesthe work with which the cautious； peace…loving investigator ventured forth from his contemplative life into the arena of strife and unrest； and laid himself open to all the annoyances that deep…rooted belief and prejudice； and the prevailing tendency of scientific thought at the time could devise。
Darwin did not take this step lightly。 Of great interest in this connection is a letter written to Wallace on Dec。 22； 1857 （Ibid。 Vol。 II。 page 109。）； in which he says 〃You ask whether I shall discuss 'man。' I think I shall avoid the whole subject； as so surrounded with prejudices； though I fully admit that it is the highest and most interesting problem for the naturalist。〃 But his conscientiousness compelled him to state briefly his opinion on the subject in the 〃Origin of Species〃 in 1859。 Nevertheless he did not escape reproaches for having been so reticent。 This is unmistakably apparent from a letter to Fritz Muller dated February 22 （1869？）； in which he says： 〃I am thinking of writing a little essay on the Origin of Mankind； as I have been taunted with concealing my opinions。〃 （Ibid。 Vol。 III。 page 112。）
It might be thought that Darwin behaved thus hesitatingly； and was so slow in deciding on the full publication of his collected material in regard to the descent of man； because he had religious difficulties to overcome。
But this was not the case； as we can see from his admirable confession of faith； the publication of which we owe to his son Francis。 （Ibid。 Vol。 I。 pages 304…317。） Whoever wishes really to understand the lofty character of this great man should read these immortal lines in which he unfolds to us in simple and straightforward words the development of his conception of the universe。 He describes how； though he was still quite orthodox during his voyage round the world on board the 〃Beagle〃； he came gradually to see； shortly afterwards （1836…1839） that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the Sacred Books of the Hindoos； the miracles by which Christianity is supported； the discrepancies between the accounts in the different Gospels； gradually led him to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation。 〃Thus；〃 he writes （〃Life and Letters〃； Vol。 1。 page 309。）； 〃disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate； but was at last complete。 The rate was so slow that I felt no distress。〃 But Darwin was too modest to presume to go beyond the limits laid down by science。 He wanted nothing more than to be able to go； freely and unhampered by belief in authority or in the Bible； as far as human knowledge could lead him。 We learn this from the concluding words of his chapter on religion： 〃The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us； and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic。〃 （Loc。 cit。 page 313。）
Darwin was always very unwilling to give publicity to his views in regard to religion。 In a letter to Asa Gray on May 22； 1860 （Ibid。 Vol。 II。 page 310。）； he declares that it is always painful to him to have to enter into discussion of religious problems。 He had； he said； no intention of writing atheistically。
Finally； let us cite one characteristic sentence from a letter from Darwin to C。 Ridley （Ibid。 Vol。 III。 page。 236。 （〃C。 Ridley；〃 Mr Francis Darwin points out to me； should be H。N。 Ridley。 A。C。S。）） （Nov。 28； 1878。） A clergyman； Dr Pusey； had asserted that Darwin had written the 〃Origin of Species〃 with some relation to theology。 Darwin writes emphatically； 〃Many years ago； when I was collecting facts for the 'Origin'； my belief in what is called a personal God was as firm as that of Dr Pusey himself； and as to the eternity of matter I never troubled myself about such insoluble questions。〃 The expression 〃many years ago〃 refers to the time of his voyage round the world； as has already been pointed out。 Darwin means by this utterance that the views which had gradually developed in his mind in regard to the origin of species were quite compatible with the faith of the Church。
If we consider all these utterances of Darwin in regard to religion and to his outlook on life （Weltanschauung）； we shall see at least so much； that religious reflection could in no way have influenced him in regard to the writing and publishing of his book on 〃The Descent of Man〃。 Darwin had early won for himself freedom of thought； and to this freedom he remained true to the end of his life； uninfluenced by the customs and opinions of the world around him。
Darwin was thus inwardly fortified and armed against the host of calumnies； accusations； and attacks called forth by the publication of the 〃Origin of Species〃； and to an even greater extent by the appearance of the 〃Descent of Man〃。 But in his defence he could rely on the aid of a band of distinguished auxiliaries of the rarest ability。 His faithful confederate； Huxley； was joined by the botanist Hooker； and； after longer resistance； by the famous geologist Lyell； whose 〃conversion〃 afforded Darwin peculiar satisfaction。 All three took the field with enthusiasm in defence of the natural descent of man。 From Wallace； on the other hand； though he shared with him the idea of natural selection； Darwin got no support in this matter。 Wallace expressed himself in a strange manner。 He admitted everything in regard to the morphological descent of man； but maintained； in a mystic way； that something else； something of a spiritual nature must have been added to what man inherited from his animal ancestors。 Darwin； whose esteem for Wallace was extraordinarily high； could not understand how he could give utterance to such a mystical view in regard to man； the idea seemed to him so 〃incredibly strange〃 that he thought some one else must have added these sentences to Wallace's paper。
Even now there are thinkers who； like Wallace； shrink from applying to man the ultimate consequences of the theory of descent。 The idea that man is derived from ape…like forms is to them unpleasant and humiliating。
So far I have been depicting the development of Darwin's work on the descent of man。 In what follows I shall endeavour to give a condensed survey of the contents of the book。
It must at once be said that the contents of Darwin's work fall into two parts； dealing with entirely different subjects。 〃The Descent of Man〃 includes a very detailed investigation in regard to secondary sexual characters in the animal series； and on this investigation Darwin founded a new theory； that of sexual selection。 With astonishing patience he gathered together an immense mass of material； and showed； in regard to Arthropods and Vertebrates； the wide distribution of secondary characters； which develop almost exclusively in the male； and which enable him； on the one hand； to get the better of his rivals in the struggle for the female by the greater perfection of his weapons； and on the other hand； to offer greater allurements to the female through the higher development of decorative characters； of song； or of scent…producing glands。 The best equipped males will thus crowd out the less well…equipped in the matter of r