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which implies identity of nature between consciousness and its object： consciousness
becomes 〃certain of itself in its object〃。 This is not merely a result； but the truest
expression of the initial relation with which experience starts。 It is； therefore； the ground of
the possibility of any relation between the terms in question： 〃consciousness of self〃 is the
basis of the consciousness of anything whatsoever。 This is Hegel's re…interpretation of the
Kantian analysis of experience。
But this result is； again； really the starting…point for a further analysis of experience； but of
experience at a higher level of realization。 Consciousness of self is to begin with a general
attitude； a definite type of experience； which requires elucidation。 It has its own conditions
and forms of manifestation。 Self…consciousness； being supreme； must realize itself in
relation to nature； to other selves similar to the self； and to the Ultimate Being of the
world。 These are different kinds of content with which consciousness is to find its oneness；
and they furnish different forms in which the same principle is manifested。 The argument
seeks to show that these forms are also different degrees of realization of
self…consciousness。 The outcome of the argument is that self…consciousness is truly
realized only when it is universal self…consciousness； when consciousness is certain of itself
throughout all reality； and explicitly finds there only itself。 This result takes the form； as
we shall see； of what is called Reason。
The immediately succeeding section takes up the first stage of the development of
self…consciousness — the consciousness of self in relation to nature。 This takes the shape
of Desire； Instinct； Impulse； etc。； and involves the category of Life。 This relationship； while
undoubtedly implying the sense of self in the object and consciousness of unity with it； is
the least satisfying and the least complete of all the modes of self…consciousness。 It
points the way； therefore； to the fuller sense of self obtained when the self is aware of
itself in relation to another self。
（1） Consciousness In Itself
（2） Life
（3） The Ego and Desire
A。 Independence and Dependence of Self…Consciousness
Lordship and Bondage
Translator's comments： The selves conscious of self in another self are； of course； distinct
and separate from each other。 The difference is； in the first instance； a question of degree
of self …assertion and self…maintenance： one is stronger； higher； more independent than
another； and capable of asserting this at the expense of the other。 Still； even this
distinction of primary and secondary rests ultimately on their identity of constitution； and
the course of the analysis here gradually brings out this essential identity as the true fact。
The equality of the selves is the truth； or completer realization； of self in another self ； the
affinity is higher and more ultimate than the disparity。 Still； the struggle and conflict of
selves must be gone through in order to bring out this result。 Hence the present section。
The background of Hegel's thought is the remarkable human phenomenon of the
subordination of one self to another which we have in all forms of servitude — whether
slavery； serfdom； or voluntary service。 Servitude is not； only a phase of human history； it
is in principle a condition of the development and maintenance of the consciousness of
self as a fact of experience。
（1） Duplicated Self…Consciousness
（2） The Conflict of Self…Consciousness in Self…opposition
（3） Lord and Bondsman
B。 Freedom of Self…Consciousness： Stoicism； Skepticism； and the Unhappy
Consciousness
Translator's comments： The previous section has established the self as ultimately a free
self。 But even this is abstract at first； and hence the attempt to maintain it must pass
through different stages。 These attempts have taken historical expression in European
civilization； but these are merely instances of an experience that is strictly found in all
mankind。 Hegel； however； selects the forms assumed in European history； and has these
in mind throughout the succeeding analysis。 The terms Stoicism and Scepticism refer
primarily to the forms which these assumed in Greece and Rome。 The last stage of
independent and free self…hood he names faute de mieux； the 〃unhappy consciousness〃。
The background of historical material for this type of mind is found in the religious life of
the Middle Ages and the mental attitude assumed under the dominion of the Roman
Catholic Church and the Feudal Hierarchy。 The social and political dissolution of the Roman
Empire has its counterpart in the mental chaos and dissolution of Scepticism； the craving
of free mind for absolute stability and constancy amid change and uncertainty found
expression in an organized attempt on the part of the Church to establish permanent
connection between man's mental insecurity and an Immutable Reality。 The two poles of
the antithesis were far removed from each other； and the method or methods adopted to
bring about the union reflect the profound contrast of the opposing elements。 It is the
inner process of free mind in this realm of abstract subjective piety which Hegel analyses in
the part termed the 〃unhappy consciousness〃 — 〃unhappy〃 because craving complete
consciousness of self and never at this stage attaining it。
The end of this movement； and therefore the disappearance of all the onesidedness of
abstract individual freedom of self； is found when； through the above struggle； there
dawns on the self the consciousness of its complete and explicit unity with reality in every
shape and form。 This is the beginning of the absolute sovereignty of the Mind —
Consciousness of Reason as supreme。 The change to this new condition found historical
expression in the Reformation and the Renaissance。
Free Self…Consciousness
（1） Stoicism
（2） Scepticism
（3） The Unhappy Consciousness
C。 Free Concrete Mind
（AA）。 Reason
Translator's comments： Reason is the first stage in the analysis of concrete self…conscious of
itself in its object and conscious of the object as universal。 Reason is not a mere 〃function〃
of mind； but a stage of mind。 It therefore possesses its own peculiar content and operates
in a process pec