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s of their friends。 A moment more and they are coming down the lane of spears； hewing and stabbing right and left at the spearmen； winding and turning and writhing among the blades as if they had no bones in their bodies。 It is all in vain。 One after the other they fall； some nearer the king； some farther off； content to die； not for the shadow of a crown； but for the mere sake of approving their dauntless valour and swordsmanship to the world。 On the last days of the festival the same magnificent display of gallantry； the same useless sacrifice of life was repeated again and again。 Yet perhaps no sacrifice is wholly useless which proves that there are men who prefer honour to life。
It is a singular custom in Bengal； says an old native historian of India； that there is little of hereditary descent in succession to the sovereignty 。 Whoever kills the king； and succeeds in placing himself on that throne； is immediately acknowledged as king； all the amirs； wazirs； soldiers； and peasants instantly obey and submit to him； and consider him as being as much their sovereign as they did their former prince； and obey his orders implicitly。 The people of Bengal say； 'We are faithful to the throne； whoever fills the throne we are obedient and true to it。' A custom of the same sort formerly prevailed in the little kingdom of Passier； on the northern coast of Sumatra。 The old Portuguese historian De Barros； who informs us of it； remarks with surprise that no wise man would wish to be king of Passier； since the monarch was not allowed by his subjects to live long。 From time to time a sort of fury seized the people； and they marched through the streets of the city chanting with loud voices the fatal words； The king must die！ When the king heard that song of death he knew that his hour had come。 The man who struck the fatal blow was of the royal lineage； and as soon as he had done the deed of blood and seated himself on the throne he was regarded as the legitimate king； provided that he contrived to maintain his seat peaceably for a single day。 This； however； the regicide did not always succeed in doing。 When Fern？o Peres d'Andrade； on a voyage to China； put in at Passier for a cargo of spices； two kings were massacred； and that in the most peaceable and orderly manner； without the smallest sign of tumult or sedition in the city； where everything went on in its usual course； as if the murder or execution of a king were a matter of everyday occurrence。 Indeed； on one occasion three kings were raised to the dangerous elevation and followed each other in the dusty road of death in a single day。 The people defended the custom； which they esteemed very laudable and even of divine institution； by saying that God would never allow so high and mighty a being as a king； who reigned as his vicegerent on earth； to perish by violence unless for his sins he thoroughly deserved it。 Far away from the tropical island of Sumatra a rule of the same sort appears to have obtained among the old Slavs。 When the captives Gunn and Jarmerik contrived to slay the king and queen of the Slavs and made their escape； they were pursued by the barbarians； who shouted after them that if they would only come back they would reign instead of the murdered monarch； since by a public statute of the ancients the succession to the throne fell to the king's assassin。 But the flying regicides turned a deaf ear to promises which they regarded as mere baits to lure them back to destruction； they continued their flight； and the shouts and clamour of the barbarians gradually died away in the distance。
When kings were bound to suffer death； whether at their own hands or at the hands of others； on the expiration of a fixed term of years； it was natural that they should seek to delegate the painful duty； along with some of the privileges of sovereignty； to a substitute who should suffer vicariously in their stead。 This expedient appears to have been resorted to by some of the princes of Malabar。 Thus we are informed by a native authority on that country that in some places all powers both executive and judicial were delegated for a fixed period to natives by the sovereign。 This institution was styled Thalavettiparothiam or authority obtained by decapitation。 It was an office tenable for five years during which its bearer was invested with supreme despotic powers within his jurisdiction。 On the expiry of the five years the man's head was cut off and thrown up in the air amongst a large concourse of villagers； each of whom vied with the other in trying to catch it in its course down。 He who succeeded was nominated to the post for the next five years。
When once kings； who had hitherto been bound to die a violent death at the end of a term of years； conceived the happy thought of dying by deputy in the persons of others； they would very naturally put it in practice； and accordingly we need not wonder at finding so popular an expedient； or traces of it； in many lands。 Scandinavian traditions contain some hints that of old the Swedish kings reigned only for periods of nine years； after which they were put to death or had to find a substitute to die in their stead。 Thus Aun or On； king of Sweden； is said to have sacrificed to Odin for length of days and to have been answered by the god that he should live so long as he sacrificed one of his sons every ninth year。 He sacrificed nine of them in this manner； and would have sacrificed the tenth and last； but the Swedes would not allow him。 So he died and was buried in a mound at Upsala。 Another indication of a similar tenure of the crown occurs in a curious legend of the deposition and banishment of Odin。 Offended at his misdeeds； the other gods outlawed and exiled him； but set up in his place a substitute； Oller by name； a cunning wizard； to whom they accorded the symbols both of royalty and of godhead。 The deputy bore the name of Odin； and reigned for nearly ten years； when he was driven from the throne； while the real Odin came to his own again。 His discomfited rival retired to Sweden and was afterwards slain in an attempt to repair his shattered fortunes。 As gods are often merely men who loom large through the mists of tradition； we may conjecture that this Norse legend preserves a confused reminiscence of ancient Swedish kings who reigned for nine or ten years together； then abdicated； delegating to others the privilege of dying for their country。 The great festival which was held at Upsala every nine years may have been the occasion on which the king or his deputy was put to death。 We know that human sacrifices formed part of the rites。
There are some grounds for believing that the reign of many ancient Greek kings was limited to eight years； or at least that at the end of every period of eight years a new consecration； a fresh outpouring of the divine grace； was regarded as necessary in order to enable them to discharge their civil and religious duties。 Thus it was a rule of the Spartan constitution that every eighth year the ephors should choose a clear and moonless night and sitting down observe the sky in silence。 If during their vigil they saw a meteor or shooting star； they inferred that the king had sinned against the deity； and th