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e sticks； believing that this would make the animals fat or fruitful。 Afterwards they visited the house or houses from which they had carried the image of Death； where they received a dole of half…boiled peas。 The custom of Carrying out Death was practised also in Saxony。 At Leipsic the bastards and public women used to make a straw effigy of Death every year at Mid…Lent。 This they carried through all the streets with songs and showed it to the young married women。 Finally they threw it into the river Parthe。 By this ceremony they professed to make the young wives fruitful； to purify the city； and to protect the inhabitants for that year from plague and other epidemics。
Ceremonies of the same sort are observed at Mid…Lent in Silesia。 Thus in many places the grown girls with the help of the young men dress up a straw figure with women's clothes and carry it out of the village towards the setting sun。 At the boundary they strip it of its clothes； tear it in pieces； and scatter the fragments about the fields。 This is called Burying Death。 As they carry the image out； they sing that they are about to bury Death under an oak； that he may depart from the people。 Sometimes the song runs that they are bearing Death over hill and dale to return no more。 In the Polish neighbourhood of Gross…Strehlitz the puppet is called Goik。 It is carried on horseback and thrown into the nearest water。 The people think that the ceremony protects them from sickness of every sort in the coming year。 In the districts of Wohlau and Guhrau the image of Death used to be thrown over the boundary of the next village。 But as the neighbours feared to receive the ill…omened figure； they were on the look…out to repel it； and hard knocks were often exchanged between the two parties。 In some Polish parts of Upper Silesia the effigy； representing an old woman； goes by the name of Marzana； the goddess of death。 It is made in the house where the last death occurred； and is carried on a pole to the boundary of the village； where it is thrown into a pond or burnt。 At Polkwitz the custom of Carrying out Death fell into abeyance； but an outbreak of fatal sickness which followed the intermission of the ceremony induced the people to resume it。
In Bohemia the children go out with a straw…man； representing Death； to the end of the village； where they burn it； singing
Now carry we Death out of the village； The new Summer into the village； Welcome； dear Summer； Green little corn。
At Tabor in Bohemia the figure of Death is carried out of the town and flung from a high rock into the water； while they sing
Death swims on the water； Summer will soon be here； We carried Death away for you We brought the Summer。 And do thou； O holy Marketa； Give us a good year For wheat and for rye。
In other parts of Bohemia they carry Death to the end of the village； singing
We carry Death out of the village； And the New Year into the village。 Dear Spring； we bid you welcome； Green grass； we bid you welcome。
Behind the village they erect a pyre； on which they burn the straw figure； reviling and scoffing at it the while。 Then they return； singing
We have carried away Death； And brought Life back。 He has taken up his quarters in the village； Therefore sing joyous songs。
In some German villages of Moravia； as in Jassnitz and Seitendorf； the young folk assemble on the third Sunday in Lent and fashion a straw…man； who is generally adorned with a fur cap and a pair of old leathern hose； if such are to be had。 The effigy is then hoisted on a pole and carried by the lads and lasses out into the open fields。 On the way they sing a song； in which it is said that they are carrying Death away and bringing dear Summer into the house； and with Summer the May and the flowers。 On reaching an appointed place they dance in a circle round the effigy with loud shouts and screams； then suddenly rush at it and tear it to pieces with their hands。 Lastly； the pieces are thrown together in a heap； the pole is broken； and fire is set to the whole。 While it burns the troop dances merrily round it； rejoicing at the victory won by Spring； and when the fire has nearly died out they go to the householders to beg for a present of eggs wherewith to hold a feast； taking care to give as a reason for the request that they have carried Death out and away。
The preceding evidence shows that the effigy of Death is often regarded with fear and treated with marks of hatred and abhorrence。 Thus the anxiety of the villagers to transfer the figure from their own to their neighbours' land； and the reluctance of the latter to receive the ominous guest； are proof enough of the dread which it inspires。 Further； in Lusatia and Silesia the puppet is sometimes made to look in at the window of a house； and it is believed that some one in the house will die within the year unless his life is redeemed by the payment of money。 Again； after throwing the effigy away； the bearers sometimes run home lest Death should follow them； and if one of them falls in running； it is believed that he will die within the year。 At Chrudim； in Bohemia； the figure of Death is made out of a cross； with a head and mask stuck at the top； and a shirt stretched out on it。 On the fifth Sunday in Lent the boys take this effigy to the nearest brook or pool； and standing in a line throw it into the water。 Then they all plunge in after it； but as soon as it is caught no one more may enter the water。 The boy who did not enter the water or entered it last will die within the year； and he is obliged to carry the Death back to the village。 The effigy is then burned。 On the other hand； it is believed that no one will die within the year in the house out of which the figure of Death has been carried； and the village out of which Death has been driven is sometimes supposed to be protected against sickness and plague。 In some villages of Austrian Silesia on the Saturday before Dead Sunday an effigy is made of old clothes； hay； and straw； for the purpose of driving Death out of the village。 On Sunday the people； armed with sticks and straps； assemble before the house where the figure is lodged。 Four lads then draw the effigy by cords through the village amid exultant shouts； while all the others beat it with their sticks and straps。 On reaching a field which belongs to a neighbouring village they lay down the figure； cudgel it soundly； and scatter the fragments over the field。 The people believe that the village from which Death has been thus carried out will be safe from any infectious disease for the whole year。
4。 Bringing in Summer
IN THE PRECEDING ceremonies the return of Spring； Summer； or Life； as a sequel to the expulsion of Death； is only implied or at most announced。 In the following ceremonies it is plainly enacted。 Thus in some parts of Bohemia the effigy of Death is drowned by being thrown into the water at sunset； then the girls go out into the wood and cut down a young tree with a green crown； hang a doll dressed as a woman on it； deck the whole with green； red； and white ribbons； and march in procession with their Líto （Summer） into the village； collecting gifts and singing
Death swims in the water； Spring comes to visit us； With eggs th