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viner life； of something exempt from the sad vicissitudes of the seasons； constant and eternal as the sky which stooped to meet it。 For the same reason； perhaps； ivy was sacred to Attis； at all events； we read that his eunuch priests were tattooed with a pattern of ivy leaves。 Another reason for the sanctity of the pine may have been its usefulness。 The cones of the stone…pine contain edible nut…like seeds； which have been used as food since antiquity； and are still eaten； for example； by the poorer classes in Rome。 Moreover； a wine was brewed from these seeds； and this may partly account for the orgiastic nature of the rites of Cybele； which the ancients compared to those of Dionysus。 Further； pine…cones were regarded as symbols or rather instruments of fertility。 Hence at the festival of the Thesmophoria they were thrown； along with pigs and other agents or emblems of fecundity； into the sacred vaults of Demeter for the purpose of quickening the ground and the wombs of women。
Like tree…spirits in general； Attis was apparently thought to wield power over the fruits of the earth or even to be identical with the corn。 One of his epithets was very fruitful： he was addressed as the reaped green （or yellow） ear of corn； and the story of his sufferings； death； and resurrection was interpreted as the ripe grain wounded by the reaper； buried in the granary； and coming to life again when it is sown in the ground。 A statue of him in the Lateran Museum at Rome clearly indicates his relation to the fruits of the earth； and particularly to the corn； for it represents him with a bunch of ears of corn and fruit in his hand； and a wreath of pine…cones；
pomegranates； and other fruits on his head； while from the top of his Phrygian cap ears of corn are sprouting。 On a stone urn； which contained the ashes of an Archigallus or high…priest of Attis； the same idea is expressed in a slightly different way。 The top of the urn is adorned with ears of corn carved in relief； and it is surmounted by the figure of a cock； whose tail consists of ears of corn。 Cybele in like manner was conceived as a goddess of fertility who could make or mar the fruits of the earth； for the people of Augustodunum （Autun） in Gaul used to cart her image about in a waggon for the good of the fields and vineyards； while they danced and sang before it； and we have seen that in Italy an unusually fine harvest was attributed to the recent arrival of the Great Mother。 The bathing of the image of the goddess in a river may well have been a rain…charm to ensure an abundant supply of moisture for the crops。
Chapter 36。 Human Representatives of Attis。
FROM INSCRIPTIONS it appears that both at Pessinus and Rome the high…priest of Cybele regularly bore the name of Attis。 It is therefore a reasonable conjecture that he played the part of his namesake； the legendary Attis； at the annual festival。 We have seen that on the Day of Blood he drew blood from his arms； and this may have been an imitation of the self…inflicted death of Attis under the pine…tree。 It is not inconsistent with this supposition that Attis was also represented at these ceremonies by an effigy； for instances can be shown in which the divine being is first represented by a living person and afterwards by an effigy； which is then burned or otherwise destroyed。 Perhaps we may go a step farther and conjecture that this mimic killing of the priest； accompanied by a real effusion of his blood； was in Phrygia； as it has been elsewhere； a substitute for a human sacrifice which in earlier times was actually offered。
A reminiscence of the manner in which these old representatives of the deity were put to death is perhaps preserved in the famous story of Marsyas。 He was said to be a Phrygian satyr or Silenus； according to others a shepherd or herdsman； who played sweetly on the flute。 A friend of Cybele； he roamed the country with the disconsolate goddess to soothe her grief for the death of Attis。 The composition of the Mother's Air； a tune played on the flute in honour of the Great Mother Goddess； was attributed to him by the people of Celaenae in Phrygia。 Vain of his skill； he challenged Apollo to a musical contest； he to play on the flute and Apollo on the lyre。 Being vanquished； Marsyas was tied up to a pine…tree and flayed or cut limb from limb either by the victorious Apollo or by a Scythian slave。 His skin was shown at Celaenae in historical times。 It hung at the foot of the citadel in a cave from which the river Marsyas rushed with an impetuous and noisy tide to join the Maeander。 So the Adonis bursts full…born from the precipices of the Lebanon； so the blue river of Ibreez leaps in a crystal jet from the red rocks of the Taurus； so the stream； which now rumbles deep underground； used to gleam for a moment on its passage from darkness to darkness in the dim light of the Corycian cave。 In all these copious fountains； with their glad promise of fertility and life； men of old saw the hand of God and worshipped him beside the rushing river with the music of its tumbling waters in their ears。 At Celaenae； if we can trust tradition； the piper Marsyas； hanging in his cave； had a soul for harmony even in death； for it is said that at the sound of his native Phrygian melodies the skin of the dead satyr used to thrill； but that if the musician struck up an air in praise of Apollo it remained deaf and motionless。
In this Phrygian satyr； shepherd； or herdsman who enjoyed the friendship of Cybele； practised the music so characteristic of her rites； and died a violent death on her sacred tree； the pine； may we not detect a close resemblance to Attis； the favourite shepherd or herdsman of the goddess； who is himself described as a piper； is said to have perished under a pine…tree； and was annually represented by an effigy hung； like Marsyas； upon a pine？ We may conjecture that in old days the priest who bore the name and played the part of Attis at the spring festival of Cybele was regularly hanged or otherwise slain upon the sacred tree； and that this barbarous custom was afterwards mitigated into the form in which it is known to us in later times； when the priest merely drew blood from his body under the tree and attached an effigy instead of himself to its trunk。 In the holy grove at Upsala men and animals were sacrificed by being hanged upon the sacred trees。 The human victims dedicated to Odin were regularly put to death by hanging or by a combination of hanging and stabbing； the man being strung up to a tree or a gallows and then wounded with a spear。 Hence Odin was called the Lord of the Gallows or the God of the Hanged； and he is represented sitting under a gallows tree。 Indeed he is said to have been sacrificed to himself in the ordinary way； as we learn from the weird verses of the Havamal； in which the god describes how he acquired his divine power by learning the magic runes：
I know that I hung on the windy tree
For nine whole nights；
Wounded with the spear； dedicated to Odin；
Myself to myself。
The Bagobos of Mindanao； one of the Philippine Islands； used annually to sacrifice human victims for the good of the crops in a similar way。 Early in December； when the constellation Orion appeared at sev