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st stalks kills the Old Rye…woman； and by killing her he brings trouble on himself。 In Wilkischken； in the district of Tilsit； the man who cuts the last corn goes by the name of the killer of the Rye…woman。 In Lithuania； again； the corn…spirit is believed to be killed at threshing as well as at reaping。 When only a single pile of corn remains to be threshed； all the threshers suddenly step back a few paces； as if at the word of command。 Then they fall to work； plying their flails with the utmost rapidity and vehemence； till they come to the last bundle。 Upon this they fling themselves with almost frantic fury； straining every nerve； and raining blows on it till the word Halt！ rings out sharply from the leader。 The man whose flail is the last to fall after the command to stop has been given is immediately surrounded by all the rest； crying out that he has struck the Old Rye…woman dead。 He has to expiate the deed by treating them to brandy； and； like the man who cuts the last corn； he is known as the killer of the Old Rye…woman。 Sometimes in Lithuania the slain corn…spirit was represented by a puppet。 Thus a female figure was made out of corn…stalks； dressed in clothes； and placed on the threshing…floor； under the heap of corn which was to be threshed last。 Whoever thereafter gave the last stroke at threshing struck the Old Woman dead。 We have already met with examples of burning the figure which represents the corn…spirit。 In the East Riding of Yorkshire a custom called burning the Old Witch is observed on the last day of harvest。 A small sheaf of corn is burnt on the field in a fire of stubble； peas are parched at the fire and eaten with a liberal allowance of ale； and the lads and lasses romp about the flames and amuse themselves by blackening each other's faces。 Sometimes； again； the corn…spirit is represented by a man； who lies down under the last corn； it is threshed upon his body； and the people say that the Old Man is being beaten to death。 We saw that sometimes the farmer's wife is thrust； together with the last sheaf； under the threshing…machine； as if to thresh her； and that afterwards a pretence is made of winnowing her。 At Volders； in the Tyrol； husks of corn are stuck behind the neck of the man who gives the last stroke at threshing； and he is throttled with a straw garland。 If he is tall； it is believed that the corn will be tall next year。 Then he is tied on a bundle and flung into the river。 In Carinthia； the thresher who gave the last stroke； and the person who untied the last sheaf on the threshing…floor； are bound hand and foot with straw bands； and crowns of straw are placed on their heads。 Then they are tied； face to face； on a sledge； dragged through the village； and flung into a brook。 The custom of throwing the representative of the corn…spirit into a stream； like that of drenching him with water； is； as usual； a rain…charm。
III。 Thus far the representatives of the corn…spirit have generally been the man or woman who cuts； binds； or threshes the last corn。 We now come to the cases in which the corn…spirit is represented either by a stranger passing the harvest…field （as in the Lityerses tale）； or by a visitor entering it for the first time。 All over Germany it is customary for the reapers or threshers to lay hold of passing strangers and bind them with a rope made of corn…stalks； till they pay a forfeit； and when the farmer himself or one of his guests enters the field or the threshing…floor for the first time； he is treated in the same way。 Sometimes the rope is only tied round his arm or his feet or his neck。 But sometimes he is regularly swathed in corn。 Thus at Sol？r in Norway； whoever enters the field； be he the master or a stranger； is tied up in a sheaf and must pay a ransom。 In the neighbourhood of Soest； when the farmer visits the flax…pullers for the first time； he is completely enveloped in flax。 Passers…by are also surrounded by the women； tied up in flax； and compelled to stand brandy。 At N？rdlingen strangers are caught with straw ropes and tied up in a sheaf till they pay a forfeit。 Among the Germans of Haselberg； in West Bohemia； as soon as a farmer had given the last corn to be threshed on the threshing…floor； he was swathed in it and had to redeem himself by a present of cakes。 In the canton of Putanges； in Normandy； a pretence of tying up the owner of the land in the last sheaf of wheat is still practised； or at least was still practised some quarter of a century ago。 The task falls to the women alone。 They throw themselves on the proprietor； seize him by the arms； the legs； and the body； throw him to the ground； and stretch him on the last sheaf。 Then a show is made of binding him； and the conditions to be observed at the harvest…supper are dictated to him。 When he has accepted them； he is released and allowed to get up。 At Brie； Isle de France； when any one who does not belong to the farm passes by the harvest…field； the reapers give chase。 If they catch him； they bind him in a sheaf an dbite him； one after the other； in the forehead； crying； You shall carry the key of the field。 To have the key is an expression used by harvesters elsewhere in the sense of to cut or bind or thresh the last sheaf； hence； it is equivalent to the phrases You have the Old Man； You are the Old Man； which are addressed to the cutter； binder； or thresher of the last sheaf。 Therefore； when a stranger； as at Brie； is tied up in a sheaf and told that he will carry the key of the field； it is as much as to say that he is the Old Man； that is； an embodiment of the corn…spirit。 In hop…picking； if a well…dressed stranger passes the hop…yard； he is seized by the women； tumbled into the bin； covered with leaves； and not released till he has paid a fine。
Thus； like the ancient Lityerses； modern European reapers have been wont to lay hold of a passing stranger and tie him up in a sheaf。 It is not to be expected that they should complete the parallel by cutting off his head； but if they do not take such a strong step； their language and gestures are at least indicative of a desire to do so。 For instance； in Mecklenburg on the first day of reaping； if the master or mistress or a stranger enters the field； or merely passes by it； all the mowers face towards him and sharpen their scythes； clashing their whet…stones against them in unison； as if they were making ready to mow。 Then the woman who leads the mowers steps up to him and ties a band round his left arm。 He must ransom himself by payment of a forfeit。 Near Ratzeburg； when the master or other person of mark enters the field or passes by it； all the harvesters stop work and march towards him in a body； the men with their scythes in front。 On meeting him they form up in line； men and women。 The men stick the poles of their scythes in the ground； as they do in whetting them； then they take off their caps and hang them on the scythes； while their leader stands forward and makes a speech。 When he has done； they all whet their scythes in measured time very loudly； after which they put on their caps。 Two of the women binders then come forward； one of them ties the master or stranger （as the case may be） with corn…ears or with a silken band； the other delivers a rhyming ad