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its and put them to flight。 It remains to illustrate the second class of expulsions； in which the evil influences are embodied in a visible form or are at least supposed to be loaded upon a material medium； which acts as a vehicle to draw them off from the people； village； or town。
The Pomos of California celebrate an expulsion of devils every seven years； at which the devils are represented by disguised men。 Twenty or thirty men array themselves in harlequin rig and barbaric paint； and put vessels of pitch on their heads； then they secretly go out into the surrounding mountains。 These are to personify the devils。 A herald goes up to the top of the assembly…house； and makes a speech to the multitude。 At a signal agreed upon in the evening the masqueraders come in from the mountains； with the vessels of pitch flaming on their heads； and with all the frightful accessories of noise； motion； and costume which the savage mind can devise in representation of demons。 The terrified women and children flee for life； the men huddle them inside a circle； and； on the principle of fighting the devil with fire； they swing blazing firebrands in the air； yell； whoop； and make frantic dashes at the marauding and bloodthirsty devils； so creating a terrific spectacle； and striking great fear into the hearts of the assembled hundreds of women； who are screaming and fainting and clinging to their valorous protectors。 Finally the devils succeed in getting into the assembly…house； and the bravest of the men enter and hold a parley with them。 As a conclusion of the whole farce； the men summon courage； the devils are expelled from the assembly…house； and with a prodigious row and racket of sham fighting are chased away into the mountains。 In spring； as soon as the willow…leaves were full grown on the banks of the river； the Mandan Indians celebrated their great annual festival； one of the features of which was the expulsion of the devil。 A man； painted black to represent the devil； entered the village from the prairie； chased and frightened the women； and acted the part of a buffalo bull in the buffalo dance； the object of which was to ensure a plentiful supply of buffaloes during the ensuing year。 Finally he was chased from the village； the women pursuing him with hisses and gibes； beating him with sticks； and pelting him with dirt。
Some of the native tribes of Central Queensland believe in a noxious being called Molonga； who prowls unseen and would kill men and violate women if certain ceremonies were not performed。 These ceremonies last for five nights and consist of dances； in which only men； fantastically painted and adorned； take part。 On the fifth night Molonga himself； personified by a man tricked out with red ochre and feathers and carrying a long feather…tipped spear； rushes forth from the darkness at the spectators and makes as if he would run them through。 Great is the excitement； loud are the shrieks and shouts； but after another feigned attack the demon vanishes in the gloom。 On the last night of the year the palace of the Kings of Cambodia is purged of devils。 Men painted as fiends are chased by elephants about the palace courts。 When they have been expelled； a consecrated thread of cotton is stretched round the palace to keep them out。 In Munzerabad； a district of Mysore in Southern India； when cholera or smallpox has broken out in a parish； the inhabitants assemble and conjure the demon of the disease into a wooden image； which they carry； generally at midnight； into the next parish。 The inhabitants of that parish in like manner pass the image on to their neighbours； and thus the demon is expelled from one village after another； until he comes to the bank of a river into which he is finally thrown。
Oftener； however； the expelled demons are not represented at all； but are understood to be present invisibly in the material and visible vehicle which conveys them away。 Here； again； it will be convenient to distinguish between occasional and periodical expulsions。 We begin with the former。
2。 The Occasional Expulsion of Evils in a Material Vehicle
THE VEHICLE which conveys away the demons may be of various kinds。 A common one is a little ship or boat。 Thus； in the southern district of the island of Ceram； when a whole village suffers from sickness； a small ship is made and filled with rice； tobacco； eggs； and so forth； which have been contributed by all the people。 A little sail is hoisted on the ship。 When all is ready； a man calls out in a very loud voice； O all ye sicknesses； ye smallpoxes； agues； measles； etc。； who have visited us so long and wasted us so sorely； but who now cease to plague us； we have made ready this ship for you； and we have furnished you with provender sufficient for the voyage。 Ye shall have no lack of food nor of betel…leaves nor of areca nuts nor of tobacco。 Depart； and sail away from us directly； never come near us again； but go to a land which is far from here。 Let all the tides and winds waft you speedily thither； and so convey you thither that for the time to come we may live sound and well； and that we may never see the sun rise on you again。 Then ten or twelve men carry the vessel to the shore； and let it drift away with the land…breeze； feeling convinced that they are free from sickness for ever； or at least till the next time。 If sickness attacks them again； they are sure it is not the same sickness； but a different one； which in due time they dismiss in the same manner。 When the demon…laden bark is lost to sight； the bearers return to the village； whereupon a man cries out； The sicknesses are now gone； vanished； expelled； and sailed away。 At this all the people come running out of their houses； passing the word from one to the other with great joy； beating on gongs and on tinkling instruments。
Similar ceremonies are commonly resorted to in other East Indian islands。 Thus in Timor…laut； to mislead the demons who are causing sickness； a small proa； containing the image of a man and provisioned for a long voyage； is allowed to drift away with wind and tide。 As it is being launched； the people cry； O sickness； go from here； turn back； what do you here in this poor land？ Three days after this ceremony a pig is killed； and part of the flesh is offered to Dudilaa； who lives in the sun。 One of the oldest men says； Old sir； I beseech you make well the grand…children； children； women； and men； that we may be able to eat pork and rice and to drink palmwine。 I will keep my promise。 Eat your share； and make all the people in the village well。 If the proa is stranded at any inhabited spot； the sickness will break out there。 Hence a stranded proa excites much alarm amongst the coast population； and they immediately burn it； because demons fly from fire。 In the island of Buru the proa which carries away the demons of disease is about twenty feet long； rigged out with sails； oars； anchor； and so on； and well stocked with provisions。 For a day and a night the people beat gongs and drums； and rush about to frighten the demons。 Next morning ten stalwart young men strike the people with branches； which have been previously dipped in an earthen pot of water。 As soon as they have done so； they run down to the bea