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nt spirits。 At every house the women dance and sing； clashing castanets or cymbals of brass and jingling bunches of little brass bells in both hands。 When the performance has been repeated at every house in the village； the procession defiles down to the river； and all the evil spirits； which the performers have chased from the houses； follow them to the edge of the water。 There a raft has been made ready and moored to the bank。 It contains offerings of food； cloth； cooking…pots； and swords； and the deck is crowded with figures of men； women； animals； and birds； all made out of the leaves of the sago palm。 The evil spirits now embark on the raft； and when they are all aboard； it is pushed off and allowed to float down with the current； carrying the demons with it。 Should the raft run aground near the village； it is shoved off with all speed； lest the invisible passengers should seize the opportunity of landing and returning to the village。 Finally； the sufferings of the little pig； whose squeals served to decoy the demons from their lurking…places； are terminated by death； for it is killed and its carcase thrown away。
Every year； at the beginning of the dry season； the Nicobar Islanders carry the model of a ship through their villages。 The devils are chased out of the huts； and driven on board the little ship； which is then launched and suffered to sail away with the wind。 The ceremony has been described by a catechist； who witnessed it at Car Nicobar in July 1897。 For three days the people were busy preparing two very large floating cars； shaped like canoes； fitted with sails； and loaded with certain leaves； which possessed the valuable property of expelling devils。 While the young people were thus engaged； the exorcists and the elders sat in a house singing songs by turns； but often they would come forth； pace the beach armed with rods； and forbid the devil to enter the village。 The fourth day of the solemnity bore a name which means Expelling the Devil by Sails。 In the evening all the villagers assembled； the women bringing baskets of ashes and bunches of devil…expelling leaves。 These leaves were then distributed to everybody； old and young。 When all was ready； a band of robust men； attended by a guard of exorcists； carried one of the cars down to the sea on the right side of the village graveyard； and set it floating in the water。 As soon as they had returned； another band of men carried the other car to the beach and floated it similarly in the sea to the left of the graveyard。 The demon…laden barks being now launched； the women threw ashes from the shore； and the whole crowd shouted； saying； Fly away； devil； fly away； never come again！ The wind and the tide being favourable； the canoes sailed quickly away； and that night all the people feasted together with great joy； because the devil had departed in the direction of Chowra。 A similar expulsion of devils takes place once a year in other Nicobar villages； but the ceremonies are held at different times in different places。
Amongst many of the aboriginal tribes of China； a great festival is celebrated in the third month of every year。 It is held by way of a general rejoicing over what the people believe to be a total annihilation of the ills of the past twelve months。 The destruction is supposed to be effected in the following way。 A large earthenware jar filled with gunpowder； stones； and bits of iron is buried in the earth。 A train of gunpowder； communicating with the jar； is then laid； and a match being applied； the jar and its contents are blown up。 The stones and bits of iron represent the ills and disasters of the past year； and the dispersion of them by the explosion is believed to remove the ills and disasters themselves。 The festival is attended with much revelling and drunkenness。
At Old Calabar on the coast of Guinea； the devils and ghosts are； or used to be； publicly expelled once in two years。 Among the spirits thus driven from their haunts are the souls of all the people who died since the last lustration of the town。 About three weeks or a month before the expulsion； which according to one account takes place in the month of November； rude effigies representing men and animals； such as crocodiles； leopards； elephants； bullocks； and birds； are made of wicker…work or wood； and being hung with strips of cloth and bedizened with gew…gaws； are set before the door of every house。 About three o'clock in the morning of the day appointed for the ceremony the whole population turns out into the streets； and proceeds with a deafening uproar and in a state of the wildest excitement to drive all lurking devils and ghosts into the effigies； in order that they may be banished with them from the abodes of men。 For this purpose bands of people roam through the streets knocking on doors； firing guns； beating drums； blowing on horns； ringing bells； clattering pots and pans； shouting and hallooing with might and main； in short making all the noise it is possible for them to raise。 The hubbub goes on till the approach of dawn； when it gradually subsides and ceases altogether at sunrise。 By this time the houses have been thoroughly swept； and all the frightened spirits are supposed to have huddled into the effigies or their fluttering drapery。 In these wicker figures are also deposited the sweepings of the houses and the ashes of yesterday's fires。 Then the demon…laden images are hastily snatched up； carried in tumultuous procession down to the brink of the river； and thrown into the water to the tuck of drums。 The ebb…tide bears them away seaward； and thus the town is swept clean of ghosts and devils for another two years。
Similar annual expulsions of embodied evils are not unknown in Europe。 On the evening of Easter Sunday the gypsies of Southern Europe take a wooden vessel like a band…box； which rests cradle…wise on two cross pieces of wood。 In this they place herbs and simples； together with the dried carcase of a snake； or lizard； which every person present must first have touched with his fingers。 The vessel is then wrapt in white and red wool； carried by the oldest man from tent to tent； and finally thrown into running water； not； however； before every member of the band has spat into it once； and the sorceress has uttered some spells over it。 They believe that by performing this ceremony they dispel all the illnesses that would otherwise have afflicted them in the course of the year； and that if any one finds the vessel and opens it out of curiosity； he and his will be visited by all the maladies which the others have escaped。
The scapegoat by means of which the accumulated ills of a whole year are publicly expelled is sometimes an animal。 For example； among the Garos of Assam； besides the sacrifices for individual cases of illness； there are certain ceremonies which are observed once a year by a whole community or village； and are intended to safeguard its members from dangers of the forest； and from sickness and mishap during the coming twelve months。 The principal of these is the Asongtata ceremony。 Close to the outskirts of every big village a number of stones may be noticed stuck into the ground； apparently without order or method。 These are known by the n