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of magic must have wrought a radical though probably slow revolution in the minds of those who had the sagacity to make it。 The discovery amounted to this； that men for the first time recognised their inability to manipulate at pleasure certain natural forces which hitherto they had believed to be completely within their control。 It was a confession of human ignorance and weakness。 Man saw that he had taken for causes what were no causes； and that all his efforts to work by means of these imaginary causes had been vain。 His painful toil had been wasted； his curious ingenuity had been squandered to no purpose。 He had been pulling at strings to which nothing was attached； he had been marching； as he thought； straight to the goal； while in reality he had only been treading in a narrow circle。 Not that the effects which he had striven so hard to produce did not continue to manifest themselves。 They were still produced； but not by him。 The rain still fell on the thirsty ground： the sun still pursued his daily； and the moon her nightly journey across the sky： the silent procession of the seasons still moved in light and shadow； in cloud and sunshine across the earth： men were still born to labour and sorrow； and still； after a brief sojourn here； were gathered to their fathers in the long home hereafter。 All things indeed went on as before； yet all seemed different to him from whose eyes the old scales had fallen。 For he could no longer cherish the pleasing illusion that it was he who guided the earth and the heaven in their courses； and that they would cease to perform their great revolutions were he to take his feeble hand from the wheel。 In the death of his enemies and his friends he no longer saw a proof of the resistless potency of his own or of hostile enchantments； he now knew that friends and foes alike had succumbed to a force stronger than any that he could wield； and in obedience to a destiny which he was powerless to control。
Thus cut adrift from his ancient moorings and left to toss on a troubled sea of doubt and uncertainty； his old happy confidence in himself and his powers rudely shaken； our primitive philosopher must have been sadly perplexed and agitated till he came to rest； as in a quiet haven after a tempestuous voyage； in a new system of faith and practice； which seemed to offer a solution of his harassing doubts and a substitute； however precarious； for that sovereignty over nature which he had reluctantly abdicated。 If the great world went on its way without the help of him or his fellows； it must surely be because there were other beings； like himself； but far stronger； who； unseen themselves； directed its course and brought about all the varied series of events which he had hitherto believed to be dependent on his own magic。 It was they； as he now believed； and not he himself； who made the stormy wind to blow； the lightning to flash； and the thunder to roll； who had laid the foundations of the solid earth and set bounds to the restless sea that it might not pass； who caused all the glorious lights of heaven to shine； who gave the fowls of the air their meat and the wild beasts of the desert their prey； who bade the fruitful land to bring forth in abundance； the high hills to be clothed with forests； the bubbling springs to rise under the rocks in the valleys； and green pastures to grow by still waters； who breathed into man's nostrils and made him live； or turned him to destruction by famine and pestilence and war。 To these mighty beings； whose handiwork he traced in all the gorgeous and varied pageantry of nature； man now addressed himself； humbly confessing his dependence on their invisible power； and beseeching them of their mercy to furnish him with all good things； to defend him from the perils and dangers by which our mortal life is compassed about on every hand； and finally to bring his immortal spirit； freed from the burden of the body； to some happier world； beyond the reach of pain and sorrow； where he might rest with them and with the spirits of good men in joy and felicity for ever。
In this； or some such way as this； the deeper minds may be conceived to have made the great transition from magic to religion。 But even in them the change can hardly ever have been sudden； probably it proceeded very slowly； and required long ages for its more or less perfect accomplishment。 For the recognition of man's powerlessness to influence the course of nature on a grand scale must have been gradual； he cannot have been shorn of the whole of his fancied dominion at a blow。 Step by step he must have been driven back from his proud position； foot by foot he must have yielded； with a sigh； the ground which he had once viewed as his own。 Now it would be the wind； now the rain； now the sunshine； now the thunder； that he confessed himself unable to wield at will； and as province after province of nature thus fell from his grasp； till what had once seemed a kingdom threatened to shrink into a prison； man must have been more and more profoundly impressed with a sense of his own helplessness and the might of the invisible beings by whom he believed himself to be surrounded。 Thus religion； beginning as a slight and partial acknowledgment of powers superior to man； tends with the growth of knowledge to deepen into a confession of man's entire and absolute dependence on the divine； his old free bearing is exchanged for an attitude of lowliest prostration before the mysterious powers of the unseen； and his highest virtue is to submit his will to theirs： In la sua volontade è nostra pace。 But this deepening sense of religion； this more perfect submission to the divine will in all things； affects only those higher intelligences who have breadth of view enough to comprehend the vastness of the universe and the littleness of man。 Small minds cannot grasp great ideas； to their narrow comprehension； their purblind vision； nothing seems really great and important but themselves。 Such minds hardly rise into religion at all。 They are； indeed； drilled by their betters into an outward conformity with its precepts and a verbal profession of its tenets； but at heart they cling to their old magical superstitions； which may be discountenanced and forbidden； but cannot be eradicated by religion； so long as they have their roots deep down in the mental framework and constitution of the great majority of mankind。
The reader may well be tempted to ask； How was it that intelligent men did not sooner detect the fallacy of magic？ How could they continue to cherish expectations that were invariably doomed to disappointment？ With what heart persist in playing venerable antics that led to nothing； and mumbling solemn balderdash that remained without effect？ Why cling to beliefs which were so flatly contradicted by experience？ How dare to repeat experiments that had failed so often？ The answer seems to be that the fallacy was far from easy to
detect； the failure by no means obvious； since in many； perhaps in most cases； the desired event did actually follow； at a longer or shorter interval； the performance of the rite which was designed to bring it about； and a mind of more than common acuteness was needed to perceive that； even in these ca