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tree； and the child's life is supposed to be intimately connected with that of the tree。 Amongst the Dyaks of Landak and Tajan； districts of Dutch Borneo； it is customary to plant a fruit…tree for a baby； and henceforth in the popular belief the fate of the child is bound up with that of the tree。 If the tree shoots up rapidly； it will go well with the child； but if the tree is dwarfed or shrivelled； nothing but misfortune can be expected for its human counterpart。
It is said that there are still families in Russia； Germany； England； France； and Italy who are accustomed to plant a tree at the birth of a child。 The tree； it is hoped； will grow with the child； and it is tended with special care。 The custom is still pretty general in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland； an apple…tree is planted for a boy and a pear…tree for a girl； and the people think that the child will flourish or dwindle with the tree。 In Mecklenburg the afterbirth is thrown out at the foot of a young tree； and the child is then believed to grow with the tree。 Near the Castle of Dalhousie； not far from Edinburgh； there grows an oak…tree； called the Edgewell Tree； which is popularly believed to be linked to the fate of the family by a mysterious tie； for they say that when one of the family dies； or is about to die； a branch falls from the Edgewell Tree。 Thus； on seeing a great bough drop from the tree on a quiet； still day in July 1874； an old forester exclaimed； The laird's deid noo！ and soon after news came that Fox Maule； eleventh Earl of Dalhousie； was dead。
In England children are sometimes passed through a cleft ash…tree as a cure for rupture or rickets； and thenceforward a sympathetic connexion is supposed to exist between them and the tree。 An ash…tree which had been used for this purpose grew at the edge of Shirley Heath； on the road from Hockly House to Birmingham。 Thomas Chillingworth； son of the owner of an adjoining farm； now about thirty…four； was； when an infant of a year old； passed through a similar tree； now perfectly sound； which he preserves with so much care that he will not suffer a single branch to be touched； for it is believed the life of the patient depends on the life of the tree； and the moment that is cut down； be the patient ever so distant； the rupture returns； and a mortification ensues； and terminates in death； as was the case in a man driving a waggon on the very road in question。 It is not uncommon； however； adds the writer； for persons to survive for a time the felling of the tree。 The ordinary mode of effecting the cure is to split a young ash…sapling longitudinally for a few feet and pass the child； naked； either three times or three times three through the fissure at sunrise。 In the West of England it is said that the passage should be against the sun。 As soon as the ceremony has been performed； the tree is bound tightly up and the fissure plastered over with mud or clay。 The belief is that just as the cleft in the tree closes up； so the rupture in the child's body will be healed； but that if the rift in the tree remains open； the rupture in the child will remain too； and if the tree were to die； the death of the child would surely follow。
A similar cure for various diseases； but especially for rupture and rickets； has been commonly practised in other parts of Europe； as Germany； France； Denmark； and Sweden； but in these countries the tree employed for the purpose is usually not an ash but an oak； sometimes a willow…tree is allowed or even prescribed instead。 In Mecklenburg； as in England； the sympathetic relation thus established between the tree and the child is believed to be so close that if the tree is cut down the child will die。
3。 The External Soul in Animals
BUT in practice； as in folk…tales； it is not merely with inanimate objects and plants that a person is occasionally believed to be united by a bond of physical sympathy。 The same bond； it is supposed； may exist between a man and an animal； so that the welfare of the one depends on the welfare of the other； and when the animal dies the man dies also。 The analogy between the custom and the tales is all the closer because in both of them the power of thus removing the soul from the body and stowing it away in an animal is often a special privilege of wizards and witches。 Thus the Yakuts of Siberia believe that every shaman or wizard keeps his soul； or one of his souls； incarnate in an animal which is carefully concealed from all the world。 Nobody can find my external soul； said one famous wizard； it lies hidden far away in the stony mountains of Edzhigansk。 Only once a year； when the last snows melt and the earth turns black； do these external souls of wizards appear in the shape of animals among the dwellings of men。 They wander everywhere； yet none but wizards can see them。 The strong ones sweep roaring and noisily along； the weak steal about quietly and furtively。 Often they fight； and then the wizard whose external soul is beaten； falls ill or dies。 The weakest and most cowardly wizards are they whose souls are incarnate in the shape of dogs； for the dog gives his human double no peace； but gnaws his heart and tears his body。 The most powerful wizards are they whose external souls have the shape of stallions； elks； black bears； eagles； or boars。 Again； the Samoyeds of the Turukhinsk region hold that every shaman has a familiar spirit in the shape of a boar； which he leads about by a magic belt。 On the death of the boar the shaman himself dies； and stories are told of battles between wizards； who send their spirits to fight before they encounter each other in person。 The Malays believe that the soul of a person may pass into another person or into an animal； or rather that such a mysterious relation can arise between the two that the fate of the one is wholly dependent on that of the other。
Among the Melanesians of Mota； one of the New Hebrides islands； the conception of an external soul is carried out in the practice of daily life。 In the Mota language the word tamaniu signifies something animate or inanimate which a man has come to believe to have an existence intimately connected with his own 。 It was not every one in Mota who had his tamaniu； only some men fancied that they had this relation to a lizard； a snake； or it might be a stone； sometimes the thing was sought for and found by drinking the infusion of certain leaves and heaping together the dregs； then whatever living thing was first seen in or upon the heap was the tamaniu。 It was watched but not fed or worshipped； the natives believed that it came at call； and that the life of the man was bound up with the life of his tamaniu； if a living thing； or with its safety； should it die； or if not living get broken or be lost； the man would die。 Hence in case of sickness they would send to see if the tamaniu was safe and well。
The theory of an external soul deposited in an animal appears to be very prevalent in West Africa； particularly in Nigeria； the Cameroons； and the Gaboon。 Among the Fans of the Gaboon every wizard is believed at initiation to unite his life with that of some particular wild animal by a rite of blood…brotherhood； he draws blood from the ear of the animal and from h