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But it is necessary to examine in some detail the notions on which the worship of trees and plants is based。 To the savage the world in general is animate； and trees and plants are no exception to the rule。 He thinks that they have souls like his own； and he treats them accordingly。 They say； writes the ancient vegetarian Porphyry； that primitive men led an unhappy life； for their superstition did not stop at animals but extended even to plants。 For why should the slaughter of an ox or a sheep be a greater wrong than the felling of a fir or an oak； seeing that a soul is implanted in these trees also？ Similarly； the Hidatsa Indians of North America believe that every natural object has its spirit； or to speak more properly； its shade。 To these shades some consideration or respect is due； but not equally to all。 For example； the shade of the cottonwood； the greatest tree in the valley of the Upper Missouri； is supposed to possess an intelligence which； if properly approached； may help the Indians in certain undertakings； but the shades of shrubs and grasses are of little account。 When the Missouri； swollen by a freshet in spring； carries away part of its banks and sweeps some tall tree into its current； it is said that the spirit of the tree cries； while the roots still cling to the land and until the trunk falls with a splash into the stream。 Formerly the Indians considered it wrong to fell one of these giants； and when large logs were needed they made use only of trees which had fallen of themselves。 Till lately some of the more credulous old men declared that many of the misfortunes of their people were caused by this modern disregard for the rights of the living cottonwood。 The Iroquois believed that each species of tree； shrub； plant； and herb had its own spirit； and to these spirits it was their custom to return thanks。 The Wanika of Eastern Africa fancy that every tree； and especially every coco…nut tree； has its spirit； the destruction of a cocoa…nut tree is regarded as equivalent to matricide； because that tree gives them life and nourishment； as a mother does her child。 Siamese monks； believing that there are souls everywhere； and that to destroy anything whatever is forcibly to dispossess a soul； will not break a branch of a tree； as they will not break the arm of an innocent person。 These monks； of course； are Buddhists。 But Buddhist animism is not a philosophical theory。 It is simply a common savage dogma incorporated in the system of an historical religion。 To suppose； with Benfey and others； that the theories of animism and transmigration current among rude peoples of Asia are derived from Buddhism； is to reverse the facts。
Sometimes it is only particular sorts of trees that are supposed to be tenanted by spirits。 At Grbalj in Dalmatia it is said that among great beeches； oaks； and other trees there are some that are endowed with shades or souls； and whoever fells one of them must die on the spot； or at least live an invalid for the rest of his days。 If a woodman fears that a tree which he has felled is one of this sort； he must cut off the head of a live hen on the stump of the tree with the very same axe with which he cut down the tree。 This will protect him from all harm； even if the tree be one of the animated kind。 The silk…cotton trees； which rear their enormous trunks to a stupendous height； far out…topping all the other trees of the forest； are regarded with reverence throughout West Africa； from the Senegal to the Niger； and are believed to be the abode of a god or spirit。 Among the Ewespeaking peoples of the Slave Coast the indwelling god of this giant of the forest goes by the name of Huntin。 Trees in which he specially dwellsfor it is not every silk…cotton tree that he thus honoursare surrounded by a girdle of palm…leaves； and sacrifices of fowls； and occasionally of human beings； are fastened to the trunk or laid against the foot of the tree。 A tree distinguished by a girdle of palm…leaves may not be cut down or injured in any way； and even silk…cotton trees which are not supposed to be animated by Huntin may not be felled unless the woodman first offers a sacrifice of fowls and palm…oil to purge himself of the proposed sacrilege。 To omit the sacrifice is an offence which may be punished with death。 Among the Kangra mountains of the Punjaub a girl used to be annually sacrificed to an old cedar…tree； the families of the village taking it in turn to supply the victim。 The tree was cut down not very many years ago。
If trees are animate； they are necessarily sensitive and the cutting of them down becomes a delicate surgical operation； which must be performed with as tender a regard as possible for the feelings of the sufferers； who otherwise may turn and rend the careless or bungling operator。 When an oak is being felled it gives a kind of shriekes or groanes； that may be heard a mile off； as if it were the genius of the oake lamenting。 E。 Wyld； Esq。； hath heard it severall times。 The Ojebways very seldom cut down green or living trees； from the idea that it puts them to pain； and some of their medicine…men profess to have heard the wailing of the trees under the axe。 Trees that bleed and utter cries of pain or indignation when they are hacked or burned occur very often in Chinese books； even in Standard Histories。 Old peasants in some parts of Austria still believe that forest…trees are animate； and will not allow an incision to be made in the bark without special cause； they have heard from their fathers that the tree feels the cut not less than a wounded man his hurt。 In felling a tree they beg its pardon。 It is said that in the Upper Palatinate also old woodmen still secretly ask a fine； sound tree to forgive them before they cut it down。 So in Jarkino the woodman craves pardon of the tree he fells。 Before the Ilocanes of Luzon cut down trees in the virgin forest or on the mountains； they recite some verses to the following effect： Be not uneasy； my friend； though we fell what we have been ordered to fell。 This they do in order not to draw down on themselves the hatred of the spirits who live in the trees； and who are apt to avenge themselves by visiting with grievous sickness such as injure them wantonly。 The Basoga of Central Africa think that； when a tree is cut down； the angry spirit which inhabits it may cause the death of the chief and his family。 To prevent this disaster they consult a medicine…man before they fell a tree。 If the man of skill gives leave to proceed； the woodman first offers a fowl and a goat to the tree； then as soon as he has given the first blow with the axe； he applies his mouth to the cut and sucks some of the sap。 In this way he forms a brotherhood with the tree； just as two men become blood…brothers by sucking each other's blood。 After that he can cut down his tree…brother with impunity。
But the spirits of vegetation are not always treated with deference and respect。 If fair words and kind treatment do not move them； stronger measures are sometimes resorted to。 The durian…tree of the East Indies； whose smooth stem often shoots up to a height of eighty or ninety feet without sending out a branch； bears a fruit of the most delicious flavour and the most disgusting st