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be squeezed out of the iron。
From cold pig…iron to finished blooms is a process that takes from an hour and ten minutes； to an hour and forty minutes； depending on the speed and skill of the puddler； and the kind of iron。 I was a fast one； myself。 But you expected that； from the fact that I am telling the story。 The man that tells the story always comes out a winner。
CHAPTER XIX
I START ON MY TRAVELS
Now that I was a master puddler； I faced the problem of finding a furnace of my own。 I saw no chance in Sharon。 Furnaces passed from father to son； so I could not hope to get one of the furnaces controlled by another family。 My father was not ready to relinquish his furnace to me； as he was good for twenty years more of this vigorous labor。
I wanted to be a real boss puddler； and so； when I was eighteen I went to Pittsburgh and got a furnace。 But a new period of hard times was setting in； jobs were getting scarce as they had been in 1884。 That was the year when we had no money in the house and I was chasing every loose nickel in town。 The mill at Sharon was down； and father was hunting work in Pittsburgh and elsewhere。 Then after a period of prosperity the hard times had come again in 1891 and '92。 My furnace job in Pittsburgh was not steady。 The town was full of iron workers and many of them were in desperate need。 Those who had jobs divided their time with their needy comrades。 A man with hungry children would be given a furnace for a few days to earn enough to ward off starvation。 I had no children and felt that I should not hold a furnace。 I left Pittsburgh and went to Niles； Ohio； where I found less competition for the jobs。 I worked a few weeks and the mill shut down。 I wandered all over the iron district and finally； deciding that the North held no openings； I began working my way toward the iron country in the South。
The Sharon mill did not shut down completely。 The owner operated it at a loss rather than throw all his old hands out on the world。 Twenty years later I met him on a train in the West and we talked of old times when I worked in his mill。 As long as he lived he was loved and venerated by his former employees。
Father was putting in short time at Sharon and was badly worried。 He was thinking of setting out again to go from town to town looking for work； but I had advised him against it。 I had told him that he would merely find crowds of idle men roaming from mill to mill along with him。 My brothers gave him similar advice。
〃Father；〃 we said； 〃it is a time of business depression and wide…spread unemployment。 If you went to Pittsburgh you might find a few weeks' work； but it would not pay you to go there for it。 You would have to lay out cash for your board and lodging there before you could send anything home to mother。 Keeping up two establishments is harder than keeping up one。 You have a home here partly paid for； and a big garden that helps support that home。 It is better for you to stick with this establishment and work at half time in the mill than to roam around at big expense seeking full time in some other mill。 There may be no mill in the land that is running full time。〃
This had not occurred to him。 What lay beyond the hills was all mystery。 But we young fellows had been brought up in the American atmosphere； we had read the Youth's Companion and the newspapers； and our outlook was widened； we could guess that conditions were the same in other states as they were in our part of Pennsylvania； for we were studying economic causes。
〃It is better for you to stay here and wait for good times to come again。 Hang on to your home； and if in a few months or a few years the mills begin booming again you will be secure for life。 But if the iron industry doesn't revive； give up that trade and find other work here。 If necessary go out and work on a farm； for the farming industry will always have to be carried on。〃
Father saw the force of our argument。 So he stayed and kept his home。 He has it to…day。 But if he had wandered around as millions of us did in those hard days he would surely have lost it。 This was my first little attempt to work out an economic problem。 I had studied all the facts and then pronounced my judgment。 It proved right； and so I learned that in my small way I had a head for financiering。 This encouraged me； for it taught me that the worker can solve part of his problems by using his head。
The fear of ending in the poor…house is one of the terrors that dog a man through life。 There are only three parts to the labor problem； and this is one of them。 This fear causes 〃unrest。〃 This unrest was used by revolutionists to promote Bolshevism which turns whole empires into poor…houses。 Such a 〃remedy；〃 of course； is worse than the disease。 I think I know a plan by which all workers can make their old age secure。 I will go into it more fully in a later chapter。
CHAPTER XX
THE RED FLAG AND THE WATERMELONS
I have said that the labor problem has three parts。 I call them （1） Wages； （2） Working Conditions and （3） Living Conditions。 By living conditions I mean the home and its security。 My father had reached the stage where this was the problem that worried him。 He was growing old and must soon cease working。 But his home was not yet secure and he was haunted with the fear that his old age might be shelterless。 We told him not to worry； the Davis boys were many and we would repay him for the fatherly care he had given us。 But he was a proud man （as all muscular men are）； and he could find no comfort in the thought of being supported by his sons。 I am glad he never had to be。 Independence has made his old age happy and he has proved that a worker； if he keeps his health； can provide for his old age and bring up a big family too。
We older boys left home and hunted work elsewhere。 I was young and not bothered about working conditions or living conditions。 I was so vigorous that I could work under any conditions； and old age was so far away that I was not worried about a home for my declining years。 Wages was my sole problem。 I wanted steady wages； and of course I wanted the highest I could get。 To find the place where wages were to be had I was always on the go。 When a mill closed I did not wait for it to reopen； but took the first train for some other mill town。 The first train usually was a freight。 If not； I waited for a freight； for I could sleep better in a freight car than in a Pullmanit cost less。 I could save money and send it to mother； then she would not have to sell her feather beds。
All of this sounds nobler than it was。 In those days workers never traveled on passenger trains unless they could get a pass。 Judges and statesmen pursued the same policy。 To pay for a ticket was money thrown away； so thought the upper classes and the lower classes。 About the only people that paid car fare were the Knights of Pythias on their way to their annual convention。 Railroad workers could get all the passes they wanted； and any toiler whose sister had married a brakeman or whose second cousin was a conductor 〃bummed〃 the railroad for a pass and got it。 None of my relatives was a railroad man； and so to obtain the free transportation which was every American'