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men say； When not engaged in bloody fray： His courage he kept hid until The fight began； then foremost still Erling was seen in war's wild game； And famous still is Erling's name。〃
It was a common saying among the people； that Erling had been the most valiant who ever held lands under a king in Norway。 Erlings and Astrid s children were these Aslak； Skialg； Sigurd； Lodin； Thorer； and Ragnhild； who was married to Thorberg Arnason。 Erling had always with him ninety free…born men or more； and both winter and summer it was the custom in his house to drink at the mid…day meal according to a measure （1）； but at the night meal there was no measure in drinking。 When the earl was in the neighbourhood he had 200 （2） men or more。 He never went to sea with less than a fully…manned ship of twenty benches of rowers。 Erling had also a ship of thirty…two benches of rowers； which was besides； very large for that size。 and which he used in viking cruises； or on an expedition； and in it there were 200 men at the very least。
ENDNOTES： （1） There were silver…studs in a row from the rim to the bottom of the drinking born or cup； and as it went round each drank till the stud appeared above the liquor。 This was drinking by measure。 L。 （2） I。e。； 240。
22。 OF THE HERSE ERLING SKIALGSON。
Erling had always at home on his farm thirty slaves； besides other serving…people。 He gave his slaves a certain day's work； but after it he gave them leisure； and leave that each should work in the twilight and at night for himself； and as he pleased。 He gave them arable land to sow corn in； and let them apply their crops to their own use。 He laid upon each a certain quantity of labour to work themselves free by doing it； and there were many who bought their freedom in this way in one year； or in the second year； and all who had any luck could make themselves free within three years。 With this money he bought other slaves： and to some of his freed people he showed how to work in the herring… fishery； to others he showed some useful handicraft； and some cleared his outfields and set up houses。 He helped all to prosperity。
23。 OF EARL EIRIK。
When Earl Eirik had ruled over Norway for twelve years。 there came a message to him from his brother…in…law King Canute； the Danish king； that he should go with him on an expedition westward to England； for Eirik was very celebrated for his campaigns； as he had gained the victory in the two hardest engagements which had ever been fought in the north countries。 The one was that in which the Earls Hakon and Eirik fought with the Jomsborg vikings； the other that in which Earl Eirik fought with King Olaf Trygvason。 Thord Kolbeinson speaks of this：
〃A song of praise Again I raise。 To the earl bold The word is told； That Knut the Brave His aid would crave； The earl； I knew； To friend stands true。〃
The earl would not sleep upon the message of the king； but sailed immediately out of the country； leaving behind his son Earl Hakon to take care of Norway； and； as he was but seventeen years of age； Einar Tambaskelfer was to be at his hand to rule the country for him。
Eirik met King Canute in England； and was with him when he took the castle of London。 Earl Eirik had a battle also to the westward of the castle of London； and killed Ulfkel Snilling。 So says Thord Kolbeinson：
〃West of London town we passed； And our ocean…steeds made fast； And a bloody fight begin； Eng1and's lands to lose or win。 Blue sword and shining spear Laid Ulfkel's dead corpse there； Our Thingmen hear the war…shower sounding Our grey arrows from their shields rebounding。〃
Earl Eirik was a winter in England； and had many battles there。 The following autumn he intended to make a pilgrimage to Rome； but he died in England of a bloody flux。
24。 THE MURDER OF EDMUND。
King Canute came to England the summer that King Ethelred died； and had many battles with Ethelred's sons； in which the victory was sometimes on one side； sometimes on the other。 Then King Canute took Queen Emma in marriage； and their children were Harald； Hardacanute； and Gunhild。 King Canute then made an agreement with King Edmund； that each of them should have a half of England。 In the same month Henry Strion murdered King Edmund。 King Canute then drove all Ethelred's sons out of England。 So says Sigvat：
〃Now all the sons of Ethelred Were either fallen； or had fled： Some slain by Canute； some they say； To save their lives had run away。〃
25。 OLAF AND ETHELRED'S SONS。
King Ethelred's sons came to Rouen in Valland from England； to their mother's brother； the same summer that King Olaf Haraldson came from the west from his viking cruise； and they were all during the winter in Normandy together。 They made an agreement with each other that King Olaf should have Northumberland； if they could succeed in taking England from the Danes。 Therefore about harvest； Olaf sent his foster…father Hrane to England to collect men…at…arms； and Ethelred's sons sent tokens to their friends and relations with him。 King Olaf； besides； gave him much money with him to attract people to them。 Hrane was all winter in England； and got promises from many powerful men of fidelity； as the people of the country would rather have native kings over them； but the Danish power had become so great in England； that all the people were brought under their dominion。
26。 BATTLE OF KING OLAF。
In spring （A。D。 1014） King Olaf and King Ethelred's sons set out together to the west； and came to a place in England called Jungufurda； where they landed with their army and moved forward against the castle。 Many men were there who had promised them their aid。 They took the castle； and killed many people。 Now when King Canute's men heard of this they assembled an army； and were soon in such force that Ethelred's sons could not stand against it； and they saw no other way left but to return to Rouen。 Then King Olaf separated from them； and would not go back to Valland； but sailed northwards along England； all the way to Northumberland； where he put into a haven at a place called Valde； and in a battle there with the townspeople and merchants he gained the victory； and a great booty。
27。 OLAF'S EXPEDITION TO NORWAY。
King Olaf left his long…ships there behind； but made ready two ships of burden； and had with him 220 men in them； well…armed； and chosen people。 He sailed out to sea northwards in harvest； but encountered a tremendous storm and they were in danger of being lost； but as they had a chosen crew； and the king s luck with them； all went on well。 So says Ottar：
〃Olaf； great stem of kings； is brave Bold in the fight； bold on the wave。 No thought of fear Thy heart comes near。 Undaunted； 'midst the roaring flood； Firm at his post each shipman stood； And thy two ships stout The gale stood out。〃
And further he says：
〃Thou able chief！ with thy fearless crew Thou meetest； with skill and courage true； The wild sea's wrath O