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for four days； when they found themselves among the Ts'ung…ling
mountains； and reached the country of Yu…hwuy；＇5＇ where they halted and
kept their retreat。＇6＇ When this was over； they went on among the hills＇7＇
for twenty…five days； and got to K'eeh… ch'a；＇8＇ there rejoining Hwuy…
king＇9＇ and his two companions。
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NOTES
＇1＇ This Tartar is called a ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃a man of the Tao；〃 or faith of
Buddha。 It occurs several times in the sequel； and denotes the man who is
not a Buddhist outwardly only； but inwardly as well； whose faith is always
making itself manifest in his ways。 The name may be used of followers of
other systems of faith besides Buddhism。
＇2＇ See the account of the kingdom of Kophene； in the 96th Book of
the first Han Records； p。 78； where its capital is said to be 12；200 le from
Ch'ang…gan。 It was the whole or part of the present Cabulistan。 The name
of Cophene is connected with the river Kophes； supposed to be the same
as the present Cabul river； which falls into the Indus； from the west； at
Attock； after passing Peshawar。 The city of Cabul； the capital of
Afghanistan； may be the Kophene of the text； but we do not know that
Sang…shao and his guide got so far west。 The text only says that they set
out from Khoten 〃towards it。〃
＇3＇ Tsze…hoh has not been identified。 Beal thinks it was Yarkand；
which； however； was north…west from Khoten。 Watters （〃China Review；〃 p。
135） rather approves the suggestion of 〃Tashkurgan in Sirikul〃 for it。 As it
took Fa…hien twenty…five days to reach it； it must have been at least 150
miles from Khoten。
＇4＇ The king is described here by a Buddhistic phrase； denoting the
possession of viryabala； 〃the power of energy； persevering exertion one
of the five moral powers〃 （E。 H。； p。 170）。
＇5＇ Nor has Yu…hwuy been clearly identified。 Evidently it was directly
south from Tsze…hoh； and among the 〃Onion〃 mountains。 Watters hazards
the conjecture that it was the Aktasch of our present maps。
＇6＇ This was the retreat already twice mentioned as kept by the
pilgrims in the summer； the different phraseology； 〃quiet rest；〃 without any
mention of the season； indicating their approach to India； E。 H。； p。 168。
Two； if not three； years had elapsed since they left Ch'ang…gan。 Are we
now with them in 402？
＇7＇ This is the Corean reading ｛。｝； much preferable to the ｛。｝ of the
Chinese editions。
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＇8＇ Watters approves of Klaproth's determination of K'eeh…ch'a to be
Iskardu or Skardo。 There are difficulties in connexion with the view； but it
has the advantage； to my mind very great； of bringing the pilgrims across
the Indus。 The passage might be accomplished with ease at this point of
the river's course； and therefore is not particularly mentioned。
＇9＇ Who had preceded them from Khoten。
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CHAPTER V
GREAT QUINQUENNIAL ASSEMBLY OF MONKS。 RELICS OF
BUDDHA。 PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY。
It happened that the king of the country was then holding the pancha
parishad； that is； in Chinese； the great quinquennial assembly。＇1＇ When
this is to be held； the king requests the presence of the Sramans from all
quarters （of his kingdom）。 They come （as if） in clouds； and when they are
all assembled； their place of session is grandly decorated。 Silken streamers
and canopies are hung out in； and water… lilies in gold and silver are made
and fixed up behind the places where （the chief of them） are to sit。 When
clean mats have been spread； and they are all seated； the king and his
ministers present their offerings according to rule and law。 （The assembly
takes place）； in the first； second； or third month； for the most part in the
spring。
After the king has held the assembly； he further exhorts the ministers
to make other and special offerings。 The doing of this extends over one；
two； three； five； or even seven days； and when all is finished； he takes his
own riding…horse； saddles； bridles； and waits on him himself；＇2＇ while he
makes the noblest and most important minister of the kingdom mount him。
Then； taking fine white woollen cloth； all sorts of precious things； and
articles which the Sramans require； he distributes them among them；
uttering vows at the same time along with all his ministers； and when this
distribution has taken place； he again redeems （whatever he wishes） from
the monks。＇3＇
The country； being among the hills and cold； does not produce the
other cereals； and only the wheat gets ripe。 After the monks have received
their annual （portion of this）； the mornings suddenly show the hoar…frost；
and on this account the king always begs the monks to make the wheat
ripen＇4＇ before they receive their portion。 There is in the country a spitoon
which belonged to Buddha； made of stone； and in colour like his alms…
bowl。 There is also a tooth of Buddha； for which the people have reared a
tope； connected with which there are more than a thousand monks and
their disciples；＇5＇ all students of the hinayana。 To the east of these hills the
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dress of the common people is of coarse materials； as in our country of
Ts'in； but here also＇6＇ there were among them the differences of fine
woollen cloth and of serge or haircloth。 The rules observed by the Sramans
are remarkable； and too numerous to be mentioned in detail。 The country
is in the midst of the Onion range。 As you go forward from these
mountains； the plants； trees； and fruits are all different from those of the
land of Han； excepting only the bamboo； pomegranate；＇7＇ and sugar…cane。
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NOTES
＇1＇ See Eitel； p。 89。 He describes the assembly as 〃an ecclesiastical
conference；