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E。H。 Spence Hardy's 〃Eastern Monachism〃 （E。M。） and 〃Manual of
Buddhism〃 （M。B。） have been constantly in hand； as well as Rhys Davids'
Buddhism； published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge；
his Hibbert Lectures； and his Buddhist Suttas in the Sacred Books of the
East； and other writings。 I need not mention other authorities； having
endeavoured always to specify them where I make use of them。 My
proximity and access to the Bodleian Library and the Indian Institute have
been of great advantage。
I may be allowed to say that； so far as my own study of it has gone； I
think there are many things in the vast field of Buddhist literature which
still require to be carefully handled。 How far； for instance； are we entitled
to regard the present Sutras as genuine and sufficiently accurate copies of
those which were accepted by the Councils before our Christian era？ Can
anything be done to trace the rise of the legends and marvels of
Sakyamuni's history； which were current so early （as it seems to us） as the
time of Fa…hien； and which startle us so frequently by similarities between
them and narratives in our Gospels？ Dr。 Hermann Oldenberg； certainly a
great authority on Buddhistic subjects； says that 〃a biography of Buddha
has not come down to us from ancient times； from the age of the Pali texts；
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
and； we can safely say； no such biography existed then〃 （〃BuddhaHis
Life； His Doctrine； His Order；〃 as translated by Hoey； p。 78）。 He has also
（in the same work； pp。 99； 416； 417） come to the conclusion that the
hitherto unchallenged tradition that the Buddha was 〃a king's son〃 must be
given up。 The name 〃king's son〃 （in Chinese ｛。。。｝）； always used of the
Buddha； certainly requires to be understood in the highest sense。 I am
content myself to wait for further information on these and other points； as
the result of prolonged and careful research。
Dr。 Rhys Davids has kindly read the proofs of the Translation and
Notes； and I most certainly thank him for doing so； for his many valuable
corrections in the Notes； and for other suggestions which I have received
from him。 I may not always think on various points exactly as he does； but
I am not more forward than he is to say with Horace；
〃Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri。〃
I have referred above； and also in the Introduction； to the Corean text
of Fa…hien's narrative； which I received from Mr。 Nanjio。 It is on the whole
so much superior to the better…known texts； that I determined to attempt to
reproduce it at the end of the little volume； so far as our resources here in
Oxford would permit。 To do so has not been an easy task。 The two fonts of
Chinese types in the Clarendon Press were prepared primarily for printing
the translation of our Sacred Scriptures； and then extended so as to be
available for printing also the Confucian Classics； but the Buddhist work
necessarily requires many types not found in them； while many other
characters in the Corean recension are peculiar in their forms； and some
are what Chinese dictionaries denominate 〃vulgar。〃 That we have
succeeded so well as we have done is owing chiefly to the intelligence；
ingenuity； and untiring attention of Mr。 J。 C。 Pembrey； the Oriental Reader。
The pictures that have been introduced were taken from a superb
edition of a History of Buddha； republished recently at Hang…chau in
Cheh…kiang； and profusely illustrated in the best style of Chinese art。 I am
indebted for the use of it to the Rev。 J。 H。 Sedgwick； University Chinese
Scholar。
James Legge。
Oxford： June； 1886。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
＇ PICTURE： SKETCH MAP OF FA…HIEN'S TRAVELS ＇
The accompanying Sketch…Map； taken in connexion with the notes on
the different places in the Narrative； will give the reader a sufficiently
accurate knowledge of Fa…hien's route。
There is no difficulty in laying it down after he crossed the Indus from
east to west into the Punjab； all the principal places； at which he touched
or rested； having been determined by Cunningham and other Indian
geographers and archaeologists。 Most of the places from Ch'ang… an to
Bannu have also been identified。 Woo…e has been put down as near Kutcha；
or Kuldja； in 43d 25s N。； 81d 15s E。 The country of K'ieh…ch'a was
probably Ladak； but I am inclined to think that the place where the
traveller crossed the Indus and entered it must have been further east than
Skardo。 A doubt is intimated on page 24 as to the identification of T'o…leih
with Darada； but Greenough's 〃Physical and Geological Sketch…Map of
British India〃 shows 〃Dardu Proper；〃 all lying on the east of the Indus；
exactly in the position where the Narrative would lead us to place it。 The
point at which Fa…hien recrossed the Indus into Udyana on the west of it is
unknown。 Takshasila； which he visited； was no doubt on the west of the
river； and has been incorrectly accepted as the Taxila of Arrian in the
Punjab。 It should be written Takshasira； of which the Chinese
phonetisation will allow；see a note of Beal in his 〃Buddhist Records of
the Western World；〃 i。 138。
We must suppose that Fa…hien went on from Nan…king to Ch'ang…an；
but the Narrative does not record the fact of his doing so。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
INTRODUCTION
Life of Fa…Hien； Genuineness and Integrity of the Text of his Narrative；
Number of the Adherents of Buddhism。
1。 Nothing of great importance is known about Fa…hien in addition to
what may be gathered from his own record of his travels。 I have read the
accounts of him in the 〃Memoirs of Eminent Monks；〃 compiled in A。D。
519； and a later work； the 〃Memoirs of Marvellous Monks；〃 by the third
emperor of the Ming dynasty （A。D。 1403…1424）； which； however； is nearly
all borrowed from the other； and all in them that has an appearance of
verisimilitude can be brought within brief compass。
His surname； they tell us； was Kung； and he was a native of Wu…yang