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inapplicable to the sramanas or bhikshus of Buddhism which
acknowledges no God in the universe； no soul in man； and has no services
of sacrifice or prayer in its worship。 The only difficulty in the use of
〃monks〃 is caused by the members of the sect in Japan which； since the
middle of the fifteenth century； has abolished the prohibition against
marrying on the part of its ministers； and other prohibitions in diet and
dress。 Sang and sang…kea represent the Sanskrit sangha； constituted by at
least four members； and empowered to hear confession； to grant
absolution； to admit persons to holy orders； &c。； secondly； the third
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constituent of the Buddhistic Trinity； a deification of the /communio
sanctorum/； or the Buddhist order。 The name is used by our author of the
monks collectively or individually as belonging to the class； and may be
considered as synonymous with the name sramana； which will
immediately claim our attention。
＇4＇ Meaning the 〃small vehicle； or conveyance。〃 There are in
Buddhism the triyana； or 〃three different means of salvation； i。e。 of
conveyance across the samsara； or sea of transmigration； to the shores of
nirvana。 Afterwards the term was used to designate the different phases of
development through which the Buddhist dogma passed； known as the
mahayana； hinayana； and madhyamayana。〃 〃The hinayana is the simplest
vehicle of salvation； corresponding to the first of the three degrees of
saintship。 Characteristics of it are the preponderance of active moral
asceticism； and the absence of speculative mysticism and quietism。〃 E。 H。；
pp。 151…2； 45； and 117。
＇5＇ The name for India is here the same as in the former chapter and
throughout the book；T'een…chuh （｛。｝ ｛。｝）； the chuh being pronounced；
probably； in Fa…hien's time as tuk。 How the earliest name for India； Shin…
tuk or duk=Scinde； came to be changed into Thien…tuk； it would take too
much space to explain。 I believe it was done by the Buddhists； wishing to
give a good auspicious name to the fatherland of their Law； and calling it
〃the Heavenly Tuk；〃 just as the Mohammedans call Arabia 〃the Heavenly
region〃 （｛。｝ ｛。｝）； and the court of China itself is called 〃the Celestial〃 （｛。｝
｛。｝）。
＇6＇ Sraman may in English take the place of Sramana （Pali； Samana； in
Chinese； Sha…man）； the name for Buddhist monks； as those who have
separated themselves from （left） their families； and quieted their hearts
from all intrusion of desire and lust。 〃It is employed； first； as a general
name for ascetics of all demoninations； and； secondly； as a general
designation of Buddhistic monks。〃 E。 H。； pp。 130； 131。
＇7＇ Tartar or Mongolian。
＇8＇ Woo…e has not been identified。 Watters （〃China Review；〃 viii。 115）
says：〃We cannot be far wrong if we place it in Kharaschar； or between
that and Kutscha。〃 It must have been a country of considerable size to
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
have so many monks in it。
＇9＇ This means in one sense China； but Fa…hien； in his use of the name；
was only thinking of the three Ts'in states of which I have spoken in a
previous note； perhaps only of that from the capital of which he had
himself set out。
＇10＇ This sentence altogether is difficult to construe； and Mr。 Watters；
in the 〃China Review；〃 was the first to disentangle more than one knot in it。
I am obliged to adopt the reading of ｛。｝ ｛。｝ in the Chinese editions； instead
of the ｛。｝ ｛。｝ in the Corean text。 It seems clear that only one person is
spoken of as assisting the travellers； and his name； as appears a few
sentences farther on； was Foo Kung…sun。 The ｛。｝ ｛。｝ which immediately
follows the surname Foo ｛。｝； must be taken as the name of his office；
corresponding； as the ｛。｝ shows； to that of /le maitre d'hotellerie/ in a
Roman Catholic abbey。 I was once indebted myself to the kind help of
such an officer at a monastery in Canton province。 The Buddhistic name
for him is uddesika=overseer。 The Kung…sun that follows his surname
indicates that he was descended from some feudal lord in the old times of
the Chow dynasty。 We know indeed of no ruling house which had the
surname of Foo； but its adoption by the grandson of a ruler can be
satisfactorily accounted for； and his posterity continued to call themselves
Kung…sun； duke or lord's grandson； and so retain the memory of the rank
of their ancestor。
＇11＇ Whom they had left behind them at T'un…hwang。
＇12＇ The country of the Ouighurs； the district around the modern
Turfan or Tangut。
＇13＇ Yu…teen is better known as Khoten。 Dr。 P。 Smith gives （p。 11） the
following description of it：〃A large district on the south…west of the
desert of Gobi； embracing all the country south of Oksu and Yarkand；
along the northern base of the Kwun…lun mountains； for more than 300
miles from east to west。 The town of the same name； now called Ilchi； is in
an extensive plain on the Khoten river； in lat。 37d N。； and lon。 80d 35s E。
After the Tungani insurrection against Chinese rule in 1862； the Mufti Haji
Habeeboolla was made governor of Khoten； and held the office till he was
murdered by Yakoob Beg； who became for a time the conqueror of all
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Chinese Turkestan。 Khoten produces fine linen and cotton stuffs； jade
ornaments； copper； grain； and fruits。〃 The name in Sanskrit is Kustana。 （E。
H。； p。 60）。
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CHAPTER III
KHOTEN。 PROCESSIONS OF IMAGES。 THE KING'S NEW
MONASTERY。
Yu…teen is a pleasant and prosperous kingdom； with a numerous and
flourishing population。 The inhabitant