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preventing them from holding any kind of meetings without permission and without the presence at these meetings of at least one white man。
Like the 〃patrollers〃 the 〃Ku Klux〃 operated almost wholly at night。 They were； however； more cruel than the 〃patrollers。〃 Their objects； in the main； were to crush out the political aspirations of the Negroes； but they did not confine themselves to this； because schoolhouses as well as churches were burned by them； and many innocent persons were made to suffer。 During this period not a few coloured people lost their lives。
As a young man； the acts of these lawless bands made a great impression upon me。 I saw one open battle take place at Malden between some of the coloured and white people。 There must have been not far from a hundred persons engaged on each side； many on both sides were seriously injured； among them General Lewis Ruffner； the husband of my friend Mrs。 Viola Ruffner。 General Ruffner tried to defend the coloured people； and for this he was knocked down and so seriously wounded that he never completely recovered。 It seemed to me as I watched this struggle between members of the two races； that there was no hope for our people in this country。 The 〃Ku Klux〃 period was； I think； the darkest part of the Reconstruction days。
I have referred to this unpleasant part of the history of the South simply for the purpose of calling attention to the great change that has taken place since the days of the 〃Ku Klux。〃 To…day there are no such organizations in the South； and the fact that such ever existed is almost forgotten by both races。 There are few places in the South now where public sentiment would permit such organizations to exist。
Chapter V。 The Reconstruction Period
The years from 1867 to 1878 I think may be called the period of Reconstruction。 This included the time that I spent as a student at Hampton and as a teacher in West Virginia。 During the whole of the Reconstruction period two ideas were constantly agitating in the minds of the coloured people； or； at least； in the minds of a large part of the race。 One of these was the craze for Greek and Latin learning； and the other was a desire to hold office。
It could not have been expected that a people who had spent generations in slavery； and before that generations in the darkest heathenism； could at first form any proper conception of what an education meant。 In every part of the South； during the Reconstruction period； schools； both day and night； were filled to overflowing with people of all ages and conditions； some being as far along in age as sixty and seventy years。 The ambition to secure an education was most praiseworthy and encouraging。 The idea； however； was too prevalent that； as soon as one secured a little education； in some unexplainable way he would be free from most of the hardships of the world； and； at any rate； could live without manual labour。 There was a further feeling that a knowledge； however little； of the Greek and Latin languages would make one a very superior human being； something bordering almost on the supernatural。 I remember that the first coloured man whom I saw who knew something about foreign languages impressed me at the time as being a man of all others to be envied。
Naturally； most of our people who received some little education became teachers or preachers。 While among those two classes there were many capable； earnest； godly men and women； still a large proportion took up teaching or preaching as an easy way to make a living。 Many became teachers who could do little more than write their names。 I remember there came into our neighbourhood one of this class； who was in search of a school to teach； and the question arose while he was there as to the shape of the earth and how he could teach the children concerning the subject。 He explained his position in the matter by saying that he was prepared to teach that the earth was either flat or round； according to the preference of a majority of his patrons。
The ministry was the profession that suffered mostand still suffers； though there has been great improvementon account of not only ignorant but in many cases immoral men who claimed that they were 〃called to preach。〃 In the earlier days of freedom almost every coloured man who learned to read would receive 〃a call to preach〃 within a few days after he began reading。 At my home in West Virginia the process of being called to the ministry was a very interesting one。 Usually the 〃call〃 came when the individual was sitting in church。 Without warning the one called would fall upon the floor as if struck by a bullet； and would lie there for hours； speechless and motionless。 Then the news would spread all through the neighborhood that this individual had received a 〃call。〃 If he were inclined to resist the summons； he would fall or be made to fall a second or third time。 In the end he always yielded to the call。 While I wanted an education badly； I confess that in my youth I had a fear that when I had learned to read and write very well I would receive one of these 〃calls〃； but； for some reason； my call never came。
When we add the number of wholly ignorant men who preached or 〃exhorted〃 to that of those who possessed something of an education； it can be seen at a glance that the supply of ministers was large。 In fact； some time ago I knew a certain church that had a total membership of about two hundred； and eighteen of that number were ministers。 But； I repeat； in many communities in the South the character of the ministry is being improved； and I believe that within the next two or three decades a very large proportion of the unworthy ones will have disappeared。 The 〃calls〃 to preach； I am glad to say； are not nearly so numerous now as they were formerly； and the calls to some industrial occupation are growing more numerous。 The improvement that has taken place in the character of the teachers is even more marked than in the case of the ministers。
During the whole of the Reconstruction period our people throughout the South looked to the Federal Government for everything； very much as a child looks to its mother。 This was not unnatural。 The central government gave them freedom； and the whole Nation had been enriched for more than two centuries by the labour of the Negro。 Even as a youth； and later in manhood； I had the feeling that it was cruelly wrong in the central government； at the beginning of our freedom； to fail to make some provision for the general education of our people in addition to what the states might do； so that the people would be the better prepared for the duties of citizenship。
It is easy to find fault； to remark what might have been done； and perhaps； after all； and under all the circumstances； those in charge of the conduct of affairs did the only thing that could be done at the time。 Still； as I look back now over the entire period of our freedom； I cannot help feeling that it would have been wiser if some plan could have been put in operation which would have made the possession of a certain amount of education or property； or both； a test for the exercise of the franchise； and a way provided by which this test should be made to apply ho