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e of the Hampton Institute。 After earnest and constant work in the interests of the school； together with her housekeeping duties； my wife passed away in May； 1884。 One child； Portia M。 Washington； was born during our marriage。
From the first； my wife most earnestly devoted her thoughts and time to the work of the school； and was completely one with me in every interest and ambition。 She passed away； however； before she had an opportunity of seeing what the school was designed to be。
Chapter X。 A Harder Task Than Making Bricks Without Straw
From the very beginning； at Tuskegee； I was determined to have the students do not only the agricultural and domestic work； but to have them erect their own buildings。 My plan was to have them； while performing this service； taught the latest and best methods of labour； so that the school would not only get the benefit of their efforts； but the students themselves would be taught to see not only utility in labour； but beauty and dignity； would be taught； in fact； how to lift labour up from mere drudgery and toil； and would learn to love work for its own sake。 My plan was not to teach them to work in the old way； but to show them how to make the forces of natureair； water； steam； electricity； horse…powerassist them in their labour。
At first many advised against the experiment of having the buildings erected by the labour of the students； but I was determined to stick to it。 I told those who doubted the wisdom of the plan that I knew that our first buildings would not be so comfortable or so complete in their finish as buildings erected by the experienced hands of outside workmen； but that in the teaching of civilization； self…help； and self…reliance； the erection of buildings by the students themselves would more than compensate for any lack of comfort or fine finish。
I further told those who doubted the wisdom of this plan； that the majority of our students came to us in poverty； from the cabins of the cotton； sugar； and rice plantations of the South； and that while I knew it would please the students very much to place them at once in finely constructed buildings； I felt that it would be following out a more natural process of development to teach them how to construct their own buildings。 Mistakes I knew would be made； but these mistakes would teach us valuable lessons for the future。
During the now nineteen years' existence of the Tuskegee school； the plan of having the buildings erected by student labour has been adhered to。 In this time forty buildings； counting small and large； have been built； and all except four are almost wholly the product of student labour。 As an additional result； hundreds of men are now scattered throughout the South who received their knowledge of mechanics while being taught how to erect these buildings。 Skill and knowledge are now handed down from one set of students to another in this way； until at the present time a building of any description or size can be constructed wholly by our instructors and students； from the drawing of the plans to the putting in of the electric fixtures； without going off the grounds for a single workman。
Not a few times； when a new student has been led into the temptation of marring the looks of some building by leadpencil marks or by the cuts of a jack…knife； I have heard an old student remind him： 〃Don't do that。 That is our building。 I helped put it up。〃
In the early days of the school I think my most trying experience was in the matter of brickmaking。 As soon as we got the farm work reasonably well started； we directed our next efforts toward the industry of making bricks。 We needed these for use in connection with the erection of our own buildings； but there was also another reason for establishing this industry。 There was no brickyard in the town； and in addition to our own needs there was a demand for bricks in the general market。
I had always sympathized with the 〃Children of Israel；〃 in their task of 〃making bricks without straw；〃 but ours was the task of making bricks with no money and no experience。
In the first place； the work was hard and dirty； and it was difficult to get the students to help。 When it came to brickmaking； their distaste for manual labour in connection with book education became especially manifest。 It was not a pleasant task for one to stand in the mud…pit for hours； with the mud up to his knees。 More than one man became disgusted and left the school。
We tried several locations before we opened up a pit that furnished brick clay。 I had always supposed that brickmaking was very simple； but I soon found out by bitter experience that it required special skill and knowledge； particularly in the burning of the bricks。 After a good deal of effort we moulded about twenty…five thousand bricks； and put them into a kiln to be burned。 This kiln turned out to be a failure； because it was not properly constructed or properly burned。 We began at once； however； on a second kiln。 This； for some reason； also proved a failure。 The failure of this kiln made it still more difficult to get the students to take part in the work。 Several of the teachers； however； who had been trained in the industries at Hampton； volunteered their services； and in some way we succeeded in getting a third kiln ready for burning。 The burning of a kiln required about a week。 Toward the latter part of the week； when it seemed as if we were going to have a good many thousand bricks in a few hours； in the middle of the night the kiln fell。 For the third time we had failed。
The failure of this last kiln left me without a single dollar with which to make another experiment。 Most of the teachers advised the abandoning of the effort to make bricks。 In the midst of my troubles I thought of a watch which had come into my possession years before。 I took the watch to the city of Montgomery； which was not far distant； and placed it in a pawn…shop。 I secured cash upon it to the amount of fifteen dollars； with which to renew the brickmaking experiment。 I returned to Tuskegee； and； with the help of the fifteen dollars； rallied our rather demoralized and discouraged forces and began a fourth attempt to make bricks。 This time； I am glad to say； we were successful。 Before I got hold of any money； the time…limit on my watch had expired； and I have never seen it since； but I have never regretted the loss of it。
Brickmaking has now become such an important industry at the school that last season our students manufactured twelve hundred thousand of first…class bricks； of a quality stable to be sold in any market。 Aside from this； scores of young men have mastered the brickmaking tradeboth the making of bricks by hand and by machineryand are now engaged in this industry in many parts of the South。
The making of these bricks taught me an important lesson in regard to the relations of the two races in the South。 Many white people who had had no contact with the school； and perhaps no sympathy with it； came to us to buy bricks because they found out that ours were good bricks。 They discovered that we were supplying a real want in the community。 The making of these bricks caused many of the white residents of the neighbourho