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killets。〃 While the poorly built cabin caused us to suffer with cold in the winter； the heat from the open fireplace in summer was equally trying。
The early years of my life； which were spent in the little cabin； were not very different from those of thousands of other slaves。 My mother； of course； had little time in which to give attention to the training of her children during the day。 She snatched a few moments for our care in the early morning before her work began； and at night after the day's work was done。 One of my earliest recollections is that of my mother cooking a chicken late at night； and awakening her children for the purpose of feeding them。 How or where she got it I do not know。 I presume； however； it was procured from our owner's farm。 Some people may call this theft。 If such a thing were to happen now； I should condemn it as theft myself。 But taking place at the time it did； and for the reason that it did； no one could ever make me believe that my mother was guilty of thieving。 She was simply a victim of the system of slavery。 I cannot remember having slept in a bed until after our family was declared free by the Emancipation Proclamation。 Three childrenJohn； my older brother； Amanda； my sister； and myselfhad a pallet on the dirt floor； or； to be more correct； we slept in and on a bundle of filthy rags laid upon the dirt floor。
I was asked not long ago to tell something about the sports and pastimes that I engaged in during my youth。 Until that question was asked it had never occurred to me that there was no period of my life that was devoted to play。 From the time that I can remember anything； almost every day of my life had been occupied in some kind of labour； though I think I would now be a more useful man if I had had time for sports。 During the period that I spent in slavery I was not large enough to be of much service； still I was occupied most of the time in cleaning the yards； carrying water to the men in the fields； or going to the mill to which I used to take the corn； once a week； to be ground。 The mill was about three miles from the plantation。 This work I always dreaded。 The heavy bag of corn would be thrown across the back of the horse； and the corn divided about evenly on each side； but in some way； almost without exception； on these trips； the corn would so shift as to become unbalanced and would fall off the horse； and often I would fall with it。 As I was not strong enough to reload the corn upon the horse； I would have to wait； sometimes for many hours； till a chance passer…by came along who would help me out of my trouble。 The hours while waiting for some one were usually spent in crying。 The time consumed in this way made me late in reaching the mill； and by the time I got my corn ground and reached home it would be far into the night。 The road was a lonely one； and often led through dense forests。 I was always frightened。 The woods were said to be full of soldiers who had deserted from the army； and I had been told that the first thing a deserter did to a Negro boy when he found him alone was to cut off his ears。 Besides； when I was late in getting home I knew I would always get a severe scolding or a flogging。
I had no schooling whatever while I was a slave； though I remember on several occasions I went as far as the schoolhouse door with one of my young mistresses to carry her books。 The picture of several dozen boys and girls in a schoolroom engaged in study made a deep impression upon me； and I had the feeling that to get into a schoolhouse and study in this way would be about the same as getting into paradise。
So far as I can now recall； the first knowledge that I got of the fact that we were slaves； and that freedom of the slaves was being discussed； was early one morning before day； when I was awakened by my mother kneeling over her children and fervently praying that Lincoln and his armies might be successful； and that one day she and her children might be free。 In this connection I have never been able to understand how the slaves throughout the South； completely ignorant as were the masses so far as books or newspapers were concerned； were able to keep themselves so accurately and completely informed about the great National questions that were agitating the country。 From the time that Garrison； Lovejoy； and others began to agitate for freedom； the slaves throughout the South kept in close touch with the progress of the movement。 Though I was a mere child during the preparation for the Civil War and during the war itself； I now recall the many late…at…night whispered discussions that I heard my mother and the other slaves on the plantation indulge in。 These discussions showed that they understood the situation； and that they kept themselves informed of events by what was termed the 〃grape…vine〃 telegraph。
During the campaign when Lincoln was first a candidate for the Presidency； the slaves on our far…off plantation； miles from any railroad or large city or daily newspaper； knew what the issues involved were。 When war was begun between the North and the South； every slave on our plantation felt and knew that； though other issues were discussed； the primal one was that of slavery。 Even the most ignorant members of my race on the remote plantations felt in their hearts； with a certainty that admitted of no doubt； that the freedom of the slaves would be the one great result of the war； if the northern armies conquered。 Every success of the Federal armies and every defeat of the Confederate forces was watched with the keenest and most intense interest。 Often the slaves got knowledge of the results of great battles before the white people received it。 This news was usually gotten from the coloured man who was sent to the post…office for the mail。 In our case the post…office was about three miles from the plantation； and the mail came once or twice a week。 The man who was sent to the office would linger about the place long enough to get the drift of the conversation from the group of white people who naturally congregated there； after receiving their mail； to discuss the latest news。 The mail…carrier on his way back to our master's house would as naturally retail the news that he had secured among the slaves； and in this way they often heard of important events before the white people at the 〃big house；〃 as the master's house was called。
I cannot remember a single instance during my childhood or early boyhood when our entire family sat down to the table together； and God's blessing was asked； and the family ate a meal in a civilized manner。 On the plantation in Virginia； and even later； meals were gotten by the children very much as dumb animals get theirs。 It was a piece of bread here and a scrap of meat there。 It was a cup of milk at one time and some potatoes at another。 Sometimes a portion of our family would eat out of the skillet or pot； while some one else would eat from a tin plate held on the knees； and often using nothing but the hands with which to hold the food。 When I had grown to sufficient size； I was required to go to the 〃big house〃 at meal…times to fan the flies from the table by means of a large set of paper fans operated by a pulley。 Naturally much