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2。 The absence of capital letters at the beginnings of divisions。 For example； in an Aldine Iliad； the fifth book begins thus
＇Greek text＇
It was intended that the open space； occupied by the small epsilon （＇epsilon symbol＇）； should be filled up with a coloured and gilded initial letter by the illuminator。 Copies thus decorated are not very mon； but the Aldine 〃Homer〃 of Francis I。； rescued by M。 Didot from a rubbish heap in an English cellar； had its due illuminations。 In the earliest books the guide to the illuminator； the small printed letter； does not appear； and he often puts in the wrong initial。
3。 Irregularity and rudeness of type is a 〃note〃 of the primitive printing press； which very early disappeared。 Nothing in the history of printing is so remarkable as the beauty of almost its first efforts。 Other notes are
4。 The absence of figures at the top of the pages； and of signatures at the foot。 The thickness and solidity of the paper； the absence of the printer's name； of the date； and of the name of the town where the press stood； and the abundance of crabbed abbreviations； are all marks； more or less trustust not be supposed that all books published； let us say before 1500； are rare； or deserve the notice of the collector。 More than 18；000 works； it has been calculated； left the press before the end of the fifteenth century。 All of these cannot possibly be of interest； and many of them that are 〃rare；〃 are rare precisely because they are uninteresting。 They have not been preserved because they were thought not worth preserving。 This is a great cause of rarity； but we must not hastily conclude that because a book found no favour in its own age； therefore it has no claim on our attention。 A London bookseller tells me that he bought the 〃remainder〃 of Keats's 〃Endymion〃 for fourpence a copy！ The first edition of 〃Endymion〃 is now rare and valued。 In trying to mend the binding of an old 〃Odyssey〃 lately； I extracted from the vellum covers parts of two copies of a very scarce and curious French dictionary of slang； 〃Le Jargon； ou Langage de l'Argot Reforme。〃 This treatise may have been valueless； almost； when it appeared； but now it is serviceable to the philologist； and to all who care to try to interpret the slang ballades of the poet Villon。 An old pamphlet； an old satire； may hold the key to some historical problem； or throw light on the past of manners and customs。 Still； of the earliest printed books； collectors prefer such rare and beautiful ones as the oldest printed Bibles： German； English；as Taverner's and the Bishop's；or Hebrew and Greek； or the first editions of the ancient classics； which may contain the readings of MSS。 now lost or destroyed。 Talking of early Bibles； let us admire the luck and prudence of a certain Mr。 Sandford。 He always longed for the first Hebrew Bible； but would offer no fancy price； being convinced that the book would one day fall in his way。 His foreboding was fulfilled； and he picked up his treasure for ten shillings in a shop in the Strand。 The taste for incunabula； or very early printed books； slumbered in the latter half of the sixteenth； and all the seventeenth century。 It revived with the third jubilee of printing in 1740； and since then has refined itself； and only craves books very early； very important； or works from the press of Caxton； the St。 Albans Schoolmaster； or other famous old artists。 Enough has been said to show the beginner； always enthusiastic； that all old books are not precious。 For further information； the 〃Biography and Typography of William Caxton；〃 by Mr。 Blades （Trubner； London； 1877）； may be consulted with profit。
Following the categories into which M。 Bru classifies desirable books in his invaluable manual； we now e to books printed on vellum； and on peculiar papers。 At the origin of printing； examples of many books； probably presentation copies； were printed on vellum。 There is a vellum copy of the celebrated Florentine first edition of Homer； but it is truly sad to think that the twin volumes； Iliad and Odyssey； have been separated； and pine in distant libraries。 Early printed books on vellum often have beautifully illuminated capitals。 Dibdin mentions in 〃Bibliomania〃 （London； 1811）； p。 90； that a M。 Van Praet was piling a catalogue of works printed on vellum； and had collected more than 2000 articles。 When hard things are said about Henry VIII。； let us remember that this monarch had a few copies of his book against Luther printed on vellum。 The Duke of Marlborough's library possessed twentyfive books on vellum； all printed before 1496。 The chapterhouse at Padua has a 〃Catullus〃 of 1472 on vellum； let Mr。 Robinson Ellis think wistfully of that treasure。 The notable Count M'Carthy of Toulouse had a wonderful library of books in membranis； including a book much coveted for its rarity； oddity； and the beauty of its illustrations； the 〃Hypnerotomachia〃 of Poliphilus （Venice； 1499）。 Vellum was the favourite 〃vanity〃 of Junot； Napoleon's general。 For reasons connected with its manufacture； and best not inquired into； the Italian vellum enjoyed the greatest reputation for smooth and silky whiteness。 Dibdin calls 〃our modern books on vellum little short of downright wretched。〃 But the editor of this series could； I think； show examples that would have made Dibdin change his opinion。
Many paratively expensive papers； large in format； are used in choice editions of books。 Whatman papers； Dutch papers； Chinese papers； and even papier verge； have all their admirers。 The amateur will soon learn to distinguish these materials。 As to books printed on coloured papergreen； blue； yellow； rhubarbcoloured； and the like； they are an offence to the eyes and to the taste。 Yet even these have their admirers and collectors； and the great Aldus himself occasionally used azure paper。 Under the head of 〃large paper；〃 perhaps 〃uncut copies〃 should be mentioned。 Most owners of books have had the edges of the volumes gilded or marbled by the binders。 Thus part of the margin is lost； an offence to the eye of the bibliomaniac； while copies untouched by the binder's shears are rare； and therefore prized。 The inconvenience of uncut copies is； that one cannot easily turn over the leaves。 But； in the present state of the fashion； a really rare uncut Elzevir may be worth hundreds of pounds； while a cropped example scarcely fetches as many shillings。 A set of Shakespeare's quartoes； uncut； would be worth more than a respectable landed estate in Connemara。 For these reasons the amateur will do well to have new books of price bound 〃uncut。〃 It is always easy to have the leaves pared away； but not even the fabled fountain at Argos； in which Hera yearly renewed her maidenhood； could restore margins once clipped away。 So much for books which are chiefly precious for the quantity and quality of the material on which they are printed。 Even this rather foolish weakness of the amateur would not be useless if it made our publishers more careful to employ a sound clean handmade paper； instead of drugged trash； for their more valuable new productions。 Indeed； a taste for handmade paper is ing in； and is part of the revolt against the passi