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开垦了。
2。 The investors built windmills to power the drainage pumps； thus they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612； and received annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent。 投资者们建造风车来为排水泵提供动力，这样他们早在1612年就得以把开垦的土地出租给农民们，并以每年17％的利率收取租金。
3。 Land reclamation and improvement allowed the Dutch to get agricultural products that they wanted。 土地的开垦和改善使荷兰人可以得到他们想要的农产品。
reflection［ri'flek？n］n。 反映；深思；反射
搭配 without reflection 轻率；on reflection 经再三思考
例句 1。 They found that systematic reflection on teaching required the ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner。 他们发现对教学的系统反思要求教师具备以客观的方式理解课堂事件的能力。
2。 Through their work they proved conclusively that reflection benefits both teachers and students though it is difficult。 通过他们的工作，最终证实尽管反思很难，但对老师和学生来说都是有益的。
3。 Whether a person can overcome the difficulties in the process of reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect。 一个人能否克服在反思中遇到的困难或许取决于反思的动机的本质和强烈程度。
reflective［ri'flektiv］a。 反应的；深思熟虑的
例句 1。 The volunteers in the program said that they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give them enough time to develop their reflective skills。 参与该项目的志愿者表示，他们发现很难不顾及他人当下的需求，来为自己争取足够的时间提升反应能力。
2。 The work of the two persons suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties in the reflective practice。 这两个人的工作显示出，在反思性实践的过程中，认识到有困难存在是十分重要的。
refresh［ri'fre？］v。 使清新；（使）精神振作；（使）恢复活力
例句 It was such a hot night that I had a cold shower to refresh myself。 那天晚上很热，我不得不冲个冷水澡来提提神。
reluctant［ri'l？kt？nt］a。 不情愿的，勉强的
例句 Artists who were most dependent on photography were reluctant to admit that they had used it； because their professional standing would be affected。 主要依赖摄影技术的艺术家们不愿承认他们使用过这种技术，因为他们的专业地位可能会受到影响。
repudiate［ri'pju：dieit］v。 与（某人）断绝来往；脱离关系
例句 The worker was bound to the employer by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate； and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership。 员工因一份共同的合同而受到老板的束缚，这份合同的任何一方都可以拒绝履行，因此他们之间的关系也被概念化为一种合作关系。
reservoir［'rez？rvwɑ：r］n。 水库，蓄水池；汇集
例句 Some scholars agree that the construction of small dams and reservoirs indicates the farmers are intensifying their efforts。 一些学者同意，小型水坝和水库的建设证明了这些农民付出了更多的努力。
residence［'rezid？ns］n。 住处；居住，（合法）居住资格
例句 1。 The residence time of water in a lake is the average length of time that any detailed molecule of water remains in the lake。 By dividing the volume of water in the lake； the rate that water leaves the lake can be calculated。 水在湖里的停留时间是指湖中每一个精确的水分子在湖里停留的平均时长，通过划分湖中的水量，能够计算出湖水离开湖的速率。
2。 Archaeologists find that the most isolated residences also obtained some pottery and probably food from some distance away during the eleventh and twelfth centuries。 考古学家发现在11和12世纪期间，最与世隔绝的住房中也有一些来自较远地区的陶器和食物。
restless［'restl？s］a。 不安的，焦躁的；不停的
例句 He found that caged birds became restless when they would normally have begun migration in the wild。 他发现那些本该在野外开始迁徙的鸟在被困于笼中时会变得焦躁不安。
restricted［ri'striktid］a。 限制的；受约束的
例句 1。 The produce was transported to cities where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy。 农产品被运送到城市中去，在那里水果和蔬菜的消费群体不再只局限于富裕的人。
2。 The Columbian white…tailed deer was once very common in the open prairie country； but now it is restricted to the low and marshy islands。 在辽阔的草原国家，哥伦比亚白尾鹿曾经一度十分常见，可是现在却只能在低地和湿地看到了。
route［ru：t］n。 路线；路程
例句 1。 Through this route； people would be able to enter the southern areas of America。 通过这条路线，人们可以到达美国南部区域。
2。 Rock paintings in the Sahara prove that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and there were trade routes across the Sahara。 撒哈拉沙漠中的岩石壁画证明马匹和车辆曾被用作穿越沙漠的工具，而且存在横穿撒哈拉的贸易路线。
3。 The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into more accessible route of trade and communication。 骆驼把沙漠从一个障碍转变成一个可以通行的贸易和交流路线。
rural［'rur？l］a。 乡村的，农村的；田园的
例句 1。 Increased agricultural production made great contributions to the development of the rural industry。 日益增长的农业生产对乡村工业的发展作出了极大的贡献。
2。 Cities are warmer than the surrounding rural areas； which produces a phenomenon called the urban heat island。 城市比周围的农村地区温度要高，这产生了一种称做城市热岛的现象。
3。 A deep attachment to the land and the stability which rural life engendered； fostered the Roman virtues。 对土地深深的依恋以及乡村生活的稳定性造就了罗马人的美德。
screen［skri：n］n。 屏幕 v。 掩蔽；筛选；审查
例句 1。 The new technological and aesthetic developments included the use of color； new screen formats； and television。 新的技术和美学发展包括颜色的使用、新的屏幕格式和电视机。
2。 Camera at that time was a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground…glass screen or a piece of white paper。 那个时代的照相机是一种类似盒子的设备，通过针孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏幕或一张白纸上面。
3。 She methodically screened and cultured some of the soil samples and then sent them to her partner。 她系统地筛选并培养了一些土壤的样本，然后把它们送到了合作者那里。
要点 screen在介绍计算机等电子产品的时候十分常见，但它还可以表示“审查；筛选”。
seasonal［'si：z？nl］a。 季节的；随季节而变化的；周期性的
例句 1。 The changes in daily and seasonal climates occurred before the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins。 日常和季节性的气候变化发生在海水退回到主要的海洋盆地之前。
2。 The warming or cooling of the Earth； changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents and changing positions of the continents are supposed to be the reason of the mass extinction。 地球变暖或变冷，季节性变动或洋流的改变，以及大陆板块位置的改变都被认为是大灭绝的原因。
secure［s？'kjur］v。 获得；确保
例句 1。 By singing loudly； the birds could possibly secure more food and result in faster growth or larger size。 通过高声鸣叫，鸟儿或许可以得到更多的食物，这样就可以生长得更快，体型也变得更大。
2。 Although dry periods forced people to move south； they returned once their food supply was secured。 尽管干旱期迫使人们向南迁移，但是当粮食的供应得到保障时，他们就会返回。
3。 The situation required that they must exploit larger areas of land to secure the same amount of food； clothing； and other necessities。 形势要求他们必须开发更大面积的土地以保证获得相同数量的食物、衣服和其他必需品。
要点 我们都很熟悉secure作为“确保安全”的含义，如：secure a place；但是要注意这个词表示“获得”的含义也很常见，比如：secure food“获得食物”。
settle［'setl］v。 安定