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ks in his work。 There was scarcely a town in Greece or on the coasts of Asia Minor with which he was not acquainted； he had explored Thrace and the coasts of the Black Sea； in Egypt he had penetrated as far south as Elephantine； and in Asia he had visited the cities of Babylon； Ecbatana； and Susa。 The latter part of his life was spent at Thurii； a colony founded by the Athenians in Italy in B。C。 443。 According to a well…known story in Lucian； Herodotus； when he had completed hia work； recited it publicly at the great Olympic festival； as the best means of procuring for it that celebrity to which he felt that it was entitled。 The effect is described as immediate and complete。 The delighted audience at once assigned the names of the nine Muses to the nine books into which it is divided。 A still later author （Suidas） adds； that Thucydides； then a boy； was present at the festival with his father Olorus； and was so affected by the recital as to shed tears； upon which Herodotus congratulated Olorus on having a son who possessed so early such a zeal for knowledge。 But there are many objections to the probability of these tales。
Herodotus interwove into his history all the varied and extensive knowledge acquired in his travels； and by big own personal researches。 But the real subject of the work is the conflict between the Greek race； in the widest sense of the term； and including the Greeks of Asia Minor； with the Asiatics。 Thus the historian had a vast epic subject presented to him； which was brought to a natural and glorious termination by the defeat of the Persians in their attempts upon Greece。 The work concludes with the reduction of Sestos by the Athenians； B。C。 478。 Herodotus wrote in the Ionic dialect； and his style is marked by an ease and simplicity which lend it an indescribable charm。
THUCYDIDES； the greatest of the Greek historians； was an Athenian； and was born in the year 471 B。C。 His family was connected with that of Miltiades and Cimon。 He possessed gold… mines in Thrace； and enjoyed great influence in that country。 He commanded an Athenian squadron of seven ships at Thasos； in 424 B。C。； at the time when Brasidas was besieging Amphipolis； and having failed to relieve that city in time； he went into a voluntary exile； in order probably to avoid the punishment of death。 He appears to have spent 20 years in banishment； principally in the Peloponnesus； or in places under the dominion or influence of Sparta。 He perhaps returned to Athens in B。C。 403； the date of its liberation by Thrasybulus。 According to the unanimous testimony of antiquity he met with a violent end； and it seems probable that he was assassinated at Athens； since it cannot be doubted that his tomb existed there。 From the beginning of the Peloponnesian war he had designed to write its history； and he employed himself in collecting materials for that purpose during its continuance； but it is most likely that the work was not actually composed till after the conclusion of the war； and that he was engaged upon it at the time of his death。 The first book of his History is introductory； and contains a rapid sketch of Grecian history from the remotest times to the breaking out of the war。 The remaining seven books are filled with the details of the war； related according to the division into summers and winters； into which all campaigns naturally fall； and the work breaks off abruptly in the middle of the 21st year of the war （B。C。 411）。 The materials of Thucydides were collected with the most scrupulous care； the events are related with the strictest impartiality； and the work probably offers a more exact account of a long and eventful period than any other contemporary history； whether ancient or modern； of an equally long and important aera。 The style of Thucydides is brief and sententious； and whether in moral or political reasoning； or in description； gains wonderful force from its condensation。 But this characteristic is sometimes carried to a faulty extent； so as to render his style harsh； and his meaning obscure。
XENOPHON； the son of Gryllus； was also an Athenian； and was probably born about B。C。 444。 He was a pupil of Socrates； who saved his life at the battle of Delium （B。C。 424）。 His accompanying Cyrus the younger in his expedition against his brother Artaxerxes； king of Persia； formed a striking episode in his life； and has been recorded by himself in his ANABASIS。 He seems to have been still in Asia at the time of the death of Socrates in 399 B。C。； and was probably banished from Athens soon after that period； in consequence of his close connexion with the Lacedaemonians。 He accompanied Agesilaus； the Spartan king； on the return of the latter from Asia to Greece； and he fought along with the Lacedaemonians against his own countrymen at the battle of Coronea in 394 B。C。 After this battle he went with Agesilaus to Sparta； and soon afterwards settled at Scillus in Elis； near Olympia。 He is said to have lived to more than 90 years of age； and he mentions an event which occurred as late as 357 B。C。
Probably all the works of Xenophon are still extant。 The ANABASIS is the work on which his fame as an historian chiefly rests。 It is written in a simple and agreeable style； and conveys much curious and striking information。 The HELLENICA is a continuation of the history of Thucydides； and comprehends in seven books a space of about 48 years； namely； from the time when Thucydides breaks off； B。C。 411； to the battle of Mantinea in 362。 The subject is treated in a very dry and uninteresting style； and his evident partiality to Sparta； and dislike of Athens； have frequently warped his judgment； and must cause his statements to be received with some suspicion。 The CYROPAEDIA； one of the most pleasing and popular of his works； professes to be a history of Cyrus； the founder of the Persian monarchy； but is in reality a kind of political romance； and possesses no authority whatever as an historical work。 The design of the author seems to have been to draw a picture of a perfect state； and though the scene is laid in Persia； the materials of the work are derived from his own philosophical notions and the usages of Sparta engrafted on the popularly current stories respecting Cyrus。 Xenophon displays in this work his dislike of democratic institutions like those of Athens； and his preference for an aristocracy； or even a monarchy。 Xenophon was also the author of several minor works； but the only other treatise which we need mention is the MEMORABILIA of Socrates； in four books； intended as a defence of his master against the charges which occasioned his death； and which undoubtedly contains a genuine picture of Socrates and his philosophy。 The genius of Xenophon was not of the highest order； it was practical rather than speculative； but he is distinguished for his good sense； his moderate views； his humane temper； and his earnest piety。
The DRAMA pre…eminently distinguished Athenian literature。 The democracy demanded a literature of a popular kind； the vivacity of the people a literature that made a lively impression； and both these conditions were fulfilled by the drama。 But though brought to perfection among the Athenians