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these conditions were fulfilled by the drama。 But though brought to perfection among the Athenians； tragedy and comedy； in their rude and early origin； were Dorian inventions。 Both arose out of the worship of Dionysus。 There was at first but little distinction between these two species of the drama； except that comedy belonged more to the rural celebration of the Dionysiac festivals； and tragedy to that in cities。 The name of TRAGEDY was far from signifying any thing mournful； being derived from the goat…like appearance of those who； disguised as Satyrs； performed the old Dionysiac songs and dances。 In like manner； COMEDY was called after the song of the band of revellers who celebrated the vintage festivals of Dionysus； and vented the rude merriment inspired by the occasion in jibes and extempore witticisms levelled at the spectators。 Tragedy； in its more perfect form； was the offspring of the dithyrambic odes with which that worship was celebrated。 These were not always of a joyous cast。 Some of them expressed the sufferings of Dionysus； and it was from this more mournful species of dithyramb that tragedy； properly so called； arose。 The dithyrambic odes formed a kind of lyrical tragedy； and were sung by a chorus of fifty men； dancing round the altar of Dionysus。 The improvements in the dithyramb were introduced by Arion at Corinth； and it was chiefly among the Dorian states of the Peloponnesus that these choral dithyrambic songs prevailed。 Hence； even in attic tragedy； the chorus； which was the foundation of the drama； was written in the Doric dialect； thus clearly betraying the source from which the Athenians derived it。
In Attica an important alteration was made in the old tragedy in the time of Pisistratus； in consequence of which it obtained a new and dramatic character。 This innovation is ascribed to THESPIS； a native of the Attic village of Icaria； B。C。 535。 It consisted in the introduction of an actor for the purpose of giving rest to the chorus。 Thespis was succeeded by Choerilus and Phrynichus； the latter of whom gained his first prize in the dramatic contests in 511 B。C。 The Dorian Pratinas； a native of Philius； but who exhibited his tragedies at Athens； introduced an improvement in tragedy by separating the Satyric from the tragic drama。 As neither the popular taste nor the ancient religious associations connected with the festivals of Dionysus would have permitted the chorus of Satyrs to be entirely banished from the tragic representations； Pratinas avoided this by the invention of what is called the Satyric drama； that is； a species of play in which the ordinary subjects of tragedy were treated in a lively and farcical manner； and in which the chorus consisted of a band of Satyrs in appropriate dresses and masks。 After this period it became customary to exhibit dramas in TETRALOGIES； or sets of four； namely； a tragic trilogy； or series of three tragedies； followed by a Satyric play。 These were often on connected subjects； and the Satyric drama at the end served like a merry after…piece to relieve the minds of the spectators。
The subjects of Greek tragedy were taken； with few exceptions； from the national mythology。 Hence the plot and story were of necessity known to the spectators； a circumstance which strongly distinguished the ancient tragedy from the modern。 It must also be recollected that the representation of tragedies did not take place every day； but only； after certain fixed intervals； at the festivals of Dionysus； of which they formed one of the greatest attractions。 During the whole day the Athenian public sat in the theatre witnessing tragedy after tragedy； and a prize was awarded by judges appointed for the purpose to the poet who produced the best set of dramas。
Such was Attic tragedy when it came into the hands of AESCHYLUS； who； from the great improvements which he introduced； was regarded by the Athenians as its father or founder； just as Homer was of Epic poetry； and Herodotus of History。 AEschylus was born at Eleusis in Attica in B。C。 525； and was thus contemporary with Simonides and Pindar。 He fought with his brother Cynaegirus at the battle of Marathon； and also at those of Artemisium； Salamis； and Plataea。 In B。C。 484 he gained his first tragic prize。 In 468 he was defeated in a tragic contest by his younger rival Sophocles； shortly afterwards he retired to the court of king Hiero； at Syracuse； He died at Gela； in Sicily； in 456； in the 69th year of his age。 It is unanimously related that an eagle； mistaking the poet's bald head for a stone； let a tortoise fall upon it in order to break the shell； thus fulfilling an oracle predicting that he was to die by a blow from heaven。 The improvements introduced into tragedy by AEschylus concerned both its form and composition； and its manner of representation。 In the former his principal innovation was the introduction of a second actor； whence arose the dialogue； properly so called； and the limitation of the choral parts； which now became subsidiary。 His improvements in the manner of representing tragedy consisted in the introduction of painted scenes； drawn according to the rules of perspective。 He furnished the actors with more appropriate and more magnificent dresses； invented for them more various and expressive masks； and raised their stature to the heroic size by providing them with thick…soled cothurni or buskins。 AEschylus excels in representing the superhuman； in depicting demigods and heroes； and in tracing the irresistible march of fate。 His style resembles the ideas which it clothes： it is bold； sublime； and full of gorgeous imagery； but sometimes borders on the turgid。
SOPHOCLES； the younger rival and immediate successor of Aeschylus in the tragic art； was born at Colonus； a village about a mile from Athens； in B。C。 495。 We have already adverted to his wresting the tragic prize from AEschylus in 468； from which time he seems to have retained the almost undisputed possession of the Athenian stage； until a young but formidable rival arose in the person of Euripides。 The close of his life was troubled with family dissensions。 Iophon； his son by an Athenian wife； and therefore his legitimate heir； was jealous of the affection manifested by his father for his grandson Sophocles； the offspring of another son； Ariston； whom he had had by a Sicyonian woman。 Fearing lest his father should bestow a great part of his property upon his favourite； Iophon summoned him before the Phratores； or tribesmen； on the ground that his mind was affected。 The old man's only reply was〃If I am Sophocles I am not beside myself； and if I am beside myself I am not Sophocles。〃 Then taking up his OEDIPUS AT COLONUS； which he had lately written； but had not yet brought out； he read from it a beautiful passage； with which the judges were so struck that they at once dismissed the case。 He died shortly afterwards； in B。C。 406； in his 90th year。 As a poet Sophocles is universally allowed to have brought the drama to the greatest perfection of which it is susceptible。 His plays stand in the just medium between the sublime but unregulated flights of AEschylus； and the too familiar scenes and rhetorical declamations of Euripide