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II。 Of Sorrow。
III。 That our affections carry themselves beyond us 。
IV。 That the soul discharges her passions upon false objects； where
the true are wanting。
V。 Whether the governor of a place besieged ought himself to go out
to parley。
VI。 That the hour of parley is dangerous。
VII。 That the intention is judge of our actions
VIII。 Of idleness。
IX。 Of liars。
X。 Of quick or slow speech。
XI。 Of prognostications。
XII。 Of constancy。
XIII。 The ceremony of the interview of princes。
XIV。 That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence
of a fort that is not in reason to be defended。
XV。 Of the punishment of cowardice。
XVI。 A proceeding of some ambassadors。
XVII。 Of fear。
XVIII。 That men are not to judge of our happiness till after death。
XIX。 That to study philosophy is to learn to die。
XX。 Of the force of imagination。
XXI。 That the profit of one man is the damage of another。
XXII。 Of custom； and that we should not easily change a law received 。
XXIII。 Various events from the same counsel。
XXIV。 Of pedantry。
XXV。 Of the education of children。
XXVI。 That it is folly to measure truth and error by our own capacity。
XXVII。 Of friendship。
XXVIII。 Nine…and…twenty sonnets of Estienne de la Boetie。
XXIX。 Of moderation。
XXX。 Of cannibals；
XXXI。 That a man is soberly to judge of the divine ordinances。
XXXII。 That we are to avoid pleasures； even at the expense of
life。
XXXIII。 That fortune is oftentimes observed to act by the rule of reason。
XXXIV。 Of one defect in our government。
XXXV。 Of the custom of wearing clothes
XXXVI。 Of Cato the Younger。
XXXVII。 That we laugh and cry for the same thing。
XXXVIII。Of solitude。
XXXIX。 A consideration upon Cicero；
XL。 That the relish of good and evil depends in a great measure upon
the opinion we have of them。
XLI。 Not to communicate a man's honour。
XLII。 Of the inequality amongst us。
XLIII。 Of sumptuary laws。
XLIV。 Of sleep。
XLV。 Of the battle of Dreux。
XLVI。 Of names。
XLVII。 Of the uncertainty of our judgment。
XLVIII。 Of war…horses； or destriers。
XLIX。 Of ancient customs。
L。 Of Democritus and Heraclitus。
LI。 Of the vanity of words。
LII。 Of the parsimony of the Ancients。
LIII。 Of a saying of Caesar。
LIV。 Of vain subtleties。
LV。 Of smells。
LVI。 Of prayers。
LVII。 Of age。
THE LIFE OF MONTAIGNE
＇This is translated freely from that prefixed to the 'variorum' Paris
edition； 1854； 4 vols。 8vo。 This biography is the more desirable that
it contains all really interesting and important matter in the journal of
the Tour in Germany and Italy； which； as it was merely written under
Montaigne's dictation； is in the third person； is scarcely worth
publication； as a whole； in an English dress。＇
The author of the Essays was born； as he informs us himself； between
eleven and twelve o'clock in the day； the last of February 1533； at the
chateau of St。 Michel de Montaigne。 His father； Pierre Eyquem； esquire；
was successively first Jurat of the town of Bordeaux （1530）； Under…Mayor
1536）； Jurat for the second time in 1540； Procureur in 1546； and at
length Mayor from 1553 to 1556。 He was w man of austere probity； who had
〃a particular regard for honour and for propriety in his person and
attire 。 。 。 a mighty good faith in his speech； and a conscience and
a religious feeling inclining to superstition； rather than to the other
extreme。〃＇Essays； ii。 2。＇ Pierre Eyquem bestowed great care on the
education of his children； especially on the practical side of it。 To
associate closely his son Michel with the people； and attach him to those
who stand in need of assistance； he caused him to be held at the font by
persons of meanest position； subsequently he put him out to nurse with a
poor villager； and then； at a later period； made him accustom himself to
the most common sort of living； taking care； nevertheless； to cultivate
his mind； and superintend its development without the exercise of undue
rigour or constraint。 Michel； who gives us the minutest account of his
earliest years； charmingly narrates how they used to awake him by the
sound of some agreeable music； and how he learned Latin； without
suffering the rod or shedding a tear； before beginning French； thanks to
the German teacher whom his father had placed near him； and who never
addressed him except in the language of Virgil and Cicero。 The study of
Greek took precedence。 At six years of age young Montaigne went to the
College of Guienne at Bordeaux； where he had as preceptors the most
eminent scholars of the sixteenth century； Nicolas Grouchy； Guerente；
Muret； and Buchanan。 At thirteen he had passed through all the classes；
and as he was destined for the law he left school to study that science。
He was then about fourteen； but these early years of his life are
involved in obscurity。 The next information that we have is that in 1554
he received the appointment of councillor in the Parliament of Bordeaux；
in 1559 he was at Bar…le…Duc with the court of Francis II； and in the
year following he was present at Rouen to witness the declaration of the
majority of Charles IX。 We do not know in what manner he was engaged on
these occasions。
Between 1556 and 1563 an important incident occurred in the life of
Montaigne； in the commencement of his romantic friendship with Etienne de
la Boetie； whom he had met； as he tells us； by pure chance at some
festive celebration in the town。 From their very first interview the two
found themselves drawn irresistibly close to one another； and during six
years this alliance was foremost in the heart of Montaigne； as it was
afterwards in his memory； when death had severed it。
Although he blames severely in his own book ＇Essays； i。 27。＇ those who；
contrary to the opinion of Aristotle； marry before five…and…thirty；
Montaigne did not wait for the period fixed by the philosopher of
Stagyra； but in 1566； in his thirty…third year； he espoused Francoise de
Chassaigne； daughter of a councillor in the Parliament of Bordeaux。 The
history of his early married life vies in obscurity with that of his
youth。 His biographers are not agreed among themselves； and in the
same degree that he lays open to our view all that concerns his secret
thoughts； the innermost mechanism of his mind； he observes too much
reticence in respect to his public functions and conduct； and his social
relations。 The title of Gentleman in Ordinary to the King； which he
assumes； in a preface； and which Henry II。 gives him in a letter； which
we print a little farther on； what he says as to the commotions of
courts； where he passed a portion of his life； the Instructions which he
wrote under the dictation of Catherine de Medici for King Charles IX。；
and his noble correspondence with Henry IV。； leave no doubt； however； as
to the part which he played in the transactions of those times； and we
find an unanswerable p