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an and cow…puncher in pages which are sure to be read as long as posterity takes any interest in knowing about the transition of the American West from wilderness to civilization。 He shared in all the work of the ranch。 He took with a 〃frolic welcome〃 the humdrum of its routine as well as its excitements and dangers。 He says that he does not believe that there was ever any more attractive life for a vigorous young fellow than this； and assuredly no one else has glorified it as Roosevelt did with his pen。 At one time or another he performed all the duties of a ranchman。 He went on long rides after the cattle； he rounded them up； he helped to brand them and to cut out the beeves destined for the Eastern market。 He followed the herd when it stampeded during a terrific thunderstorm。 In winter there was often need to save the wandering cattle from a sudden and deadly blizzard。 The log cabin or 〃shack〃 in which he dwelt was rough； and so was the fare； comforts were few。 He chopped the cottonwood which they used for fuel； he knew how to care for the ponies； and once at least he passed more than twenty…four hours in the saddle without sleep。 According to the best standards； he says； he was not a fine horseman； but it is clear that he could do everything with a horse which had to be done； and that he never stopped from fatigue。 When they needed fresh meat； he would shoot it。 In short； he held his own under all the hardships and requirements demanded of a cowboy or ranchman。 To adapt himself to these wild conditions of nature and work was； however； only a part of his experience。 Even more dangerous than pursuing a stampeding herd at night over the plains； and plunging into the Little Missouri after it； was intercourse with some of the lawless nomads of that pioneer region。 Nomads they were； though they might settle down to work for a while on one ranch； and then pass on to another； the sort of creatures who loafed in the saloons of the little villages and amused them selves by running amuck and shooting up the town。 These men； and indeed nearly all of the pioneers； held the man from the civilized East； the 〃tenderfoot；〃 in scorn。 They took it for granted that he was a weakling； that he had soft ideas of life and was stuck…up or affected。 Now Roosevelt saw that in order to win their trust and respect； he must show himself equal to their tasks； a true comrade； who accepted their code of courage and honor。 The fact that he wore spectacles was against him at the outset； because they associated spectacles with Eastern schoolmasters and incompetence。 They called him 〃Four Eyes；〃 at first with derision； but they soon discovered that in him they had no 〃tenderfoot〃 to deal with。 He shot as well as the best of them； he rode as far； he never complained of food or tasks or hardship； he met every one on equal terms。 Above all； he left no doubt as to his courage。 He would not pick a quarrel nor would he avoid one。 Many stories of his prowess circulated； mere heckling； or a practical joke； he took with a laugh； as when some of the men changed the saddle from his pony to a bucking broncho。
But he knew where to draw the line。 At Medora； for instance； the Marquis de Mores； a French settler； assumed the attitude of a feudal proprietor。 Having been the first to squat in that region he regarded those who came later as interlopers； and he and his men acted very sullenly。 They even carried their ill…will and intimidation to the point of shooting。 In due time the Marquis discovered cause for grievance against Roosevelt； and he sent him a letter warning the newcomer that if the cause were not removed the Marquis knew how one gentleman settles a dispute with another。 Roosevelt despised dueling as a silly practice； which would not determine justice between disputants； but he knew that in Cowboy Land the duel； being regarded as a test of courage； must not be ignored by him。 Any man who declined a challenge lost caste and had better leave the country at once。 So Roosevelt within an hour dispatched a reply to the surly Marquis saying that he was ready to meet him at any time and naming the rifle； at twelve paces' distance； as the weapon that he preferred。 The Marquis； a formidable swordsman but no shot； sent back word； expressing regret that Mr。 Roosevelt had mistaken his meaning： in referring to 〃gentlemen knowing how to settle disputes；〃 he meant that of course an amicable explanation would restore harmony。 Thenceforward； he treated Roosevelt with effusive courtesy。 Perhaps a chill ran down his back at the thought of standing up before an antagonist twelve paces away and that the fighters were to advance towards each other three paces after each round； until one of them was killed。
So Theodore fought no duel with either the French Marquis or with any one else during his life in the West； but he had several encounters with local desperadoes。 One cold night in winter； having ridden far and knowing that he could reach no refuge for many hours； he unexpectedly saw a light。 Going towards it； he found that it came from a cabin which served as saloon and tavern。 On entering； he saw a group of loafers and drinkers who were apparently terrorized by a big fellow； rather more than half drunk； who proved to be the local bully。 The function of this person was to maintain his bullyship against all comers： accordingly； he soon picked on Roosevelt； who held his peace as long as he could。 Then the rowdy； who grasped his pistols in his hands； ordered the 〃four…eyed tenderfoot〃 to come to the bar and set up drinks for the crowd。 Roosevelt walked deliberately towards him； and before the bully suspected it； the 〃tenderfoot〃 felled him with a sledgehammer blow。 In falling； a pistol went off wide of its mark； and the bully lay in a faint。 Before he could recover； Roosevelt stood over him ready to pound him again。 But the bully did not stir； and he was carried off into another room。 The crowd congratulated the stranger on having served him right。
At another place； there was a 〃bad man〃 who surpassed the rest of his fellows in using foul language。 Roosevelt； who loathed obscenity as he did any other form of filth； tired of this bad man's talk and told him very calmly that he liked him but not his nastiness。 Instead of drawing his gun； as the bystanders thought he would do； Jim looked sheepish； acknowledging the charge； and changed his tone。 He remained a loyal friend of his corrector。 Cattle…thieves and horse…thieves infested the West of those days。 To steal a ranchman's horse might not only cause him great annoyance； but even put his life in danger； and accordingly the rascals who engaged in this form of crime ranked as the worst of all and received no mercy when they were caught。 If the sheriff of the region was lax； the settlers took the matter into their own hands； enrolled themselves as vigilantes； hunted the thieves down； hanged those whom they captured； and shot at sight those who tried to escape。 It happened that the sheriff； in whose jurisdiction Medora lay； allowed so many thieves to get off that he was suspected of being in collusion with them。 The ranch men held a meeting at which he was present and Roosevelt told him in very plain words their complaint against him and t