the foundations of personality-第68章

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er　what　sphere　he　operates；　excels　in　some　quality：　strength；　courage；　audacity；　wisdom；　organizing　ability；　eloquence；or　in　pretension　to　that　quality。　The　leader　is　a　high　variable　and　somehow　is　endowed　with　more　of　a　desired　or　desirable　character　than　others。　As　fighter；　thinker　or　preacher　he　has　made　the　history　of　man。　A　dozen　million　common　men　did　not　invent　the　wheel；　it　was　one　aboriginal　genius　who　played　with　power　and　saw　that　the　rolling　log　might　transport　his　goods。　The　shadow　may　have　interested　in　a　mild　way　every　contemporary　and　ancestor　of　the　one　who　discovered　that　it　moved　regularly　with　the　sun。　And　when　a　group　is　confronted　by　an　unknown　danger；　it　is　not　the　half…courage　of　the　crowd　that　adds　up　to　bravery　and　fearless　fighting　spirit；　it　is　the　one　man　who　responds　to　the　challenge　with　courage　and　sagacity　who　inspires　the　rest　with　a　similar　feeling。　The　leaders　of　the　world　stand　on　each　other's　shoulders；　and　not　on　the　shoulders　of　the　common　man。　Democracy　does　not　lie　in　an　equal　estimate　of　men's　abilities　and　worth；　it　is　in　the　recognition　that　the　true　aristocrat　or　leader　may　arise　anywhere；　that　he　must　be　allowed　to　develop；　no　matter　who　his　ancestors　and　what　his　sex　or　color　may　be；　and　that　he　has　no　privileges　but　those　of　service　and　leadership。　The　leadership　qualities　will　always　be　determined　by　the　character　of　the　group　that　is　to　be　led　and　the　task　to　be　performed。　Obviously　he　who　is　to　lead　a　warrior　group　of　small　numbers　in　a　fray　needs　be　agile；　quick　of　mind；　strong　and　fearless；　whereas　a　general　who　sits　in　a　chair　at　a　desk　ten　miles　from　the　fighting　front　and　controls　a　million　men　fighting　with　airships；　guns　and　bayonets　must　be　a　technical　engineer　of　executive　ability　and　experience。　The　leader　whose　task　is　to　exhort　a　group　into　some　plan　of　actionthe　politician；　the　popular　speakerneeds　mainly　to　appeal　to　the　sympathies　and　stir　the　emotions　of　his　group；　his　desire　to　please　must　be　efficiently　yoked　with　qualities　that　please　his　group；　and　those　qualities　will　not　be　the　same　for　a　group　of　East　Side　immigrants　as　for　a　select　Fifth　Avenue　assemblage。　In　the　one　instance　an　uncouth；　unrestrained　passion；　fiercely　emphasized；　and　a　bold　declaration　of　ideals　of　an　altruistic　type　will　be　necessary；　in　the　second　all　that　will　be　ridiculous；　but　passion　hinted　at　with　suave　polished　speech　and　a　careful　outline　of　practical　plans　are　essential。　The　labor　leader；　the　leader　of　a　capitalist　group；　will　be　different　in　many　qualities；　but　they　will　be　alike　in　their　vigor　and　energy　of　purpose；　in　their　aggressive　fighting　spirit；　their　proneness　to　anger　at　opposition　but　controlled　when　necessary　by　tact　and　diplomacy。　They　will　impress　the　group　they　lead　as　being　sincere；　honest；　able；　knowing　how　to　plan；　choose　and　fight。　These　last　three　qualities　are　those　which　the　members　of　the　group　demand；　the　leader　must　know　how　to　plan；　choose　and　fight　for　them。　Nor；　if　he　is　to　succeed　easily；　must　he　be　too　idealistic；　he　must　not　seek　too　distant　purposes；　the　group　must　understand　him；　and　though　he　must　keep　them　in　some　awe　and　fear　of　him；　yet　must　they　feel　that　he　represents　an　understandable　ideal。　The　leader　who　preaches　things　out　of　comprehension　arouses　the　kind　of　opposition　which　finally　crucifies　him。　The　leader　must　feel　superiority　to　his　group；　and　whether　he　proclaims　it　or　not；　he　usually　does。　Now　and　then　he　is　a　cold；　careful　planner；　an　actor　of　emotions　he　does　not　feel；　a　cynic　playing　on　passions　and　ideals　he　does　not　share。　Usually　he　is　deeply　emotional；　sometimes　deeply　intellectual；　but　not　often；　generally　he　has　his　ears　to　the　ground　and　listens　for　the　stir　that　tells　the　way　men　wish　to　be　led。　Then　he　mounts　his　horse；　literally　or　figuratively；　brandishes　his　sword　and　shouts　his　commands。　A　leader　springs　up　in　every　group；　under　almost　all　kinds　of　circumstances。　Let　ten　men　start　out　for　a　walk；　and　in　ten　minutes　one　of　them；　for　some　reason　or　another；　is　giving　the　orders；　is　choosing　and　commanding。　Often　enough　the　leadership　falls　to　social　rank　and　standing　rather　than　to　leadership　qualities。　In　fact；　that　is　the　chief　defect　in　a　society　which　builds　up　rank　and　social　station；　leadership　falls　then　to　men　by　virtue　of　birth；　financial　status　or　some　non…relevant　distinction。　All　one　has　to　do　is　to　read　of　the　misfit　leaders　England's　〃best〃　turned　out　to　be　in　the　early　part　of　the　late　war　to　realize　how　inefficient　and　untrustworthy　such　leadership　may　be。　One　meaning　of　democracy　is　that　no　man　is　a　leader　by　virtue　of　anything　but　his　virtues；　and　that　opportunity　must　be　given　to　the　real　leader　to　come　into　his　own。　Leadership　means　neither　selfishness　nor　altruism；　nor　does　it　connote　wisdom。　A　leader　may　be　rankly　egoistic　and　careless　of　the　welfare　of　his　peopleAlexander；　Napoleonor　he　may　be　imbued　with　a　mission　which　is　altruistic　but　unwise。　Such；　in　my　opinion；　was　Peter　the　Hermit　who　started　the　Crusades。　The　wise　men　of　the　world　lead　only　indirectly；by　a　permeation　of　their　thoughts；　slowly；　into　the　thought　of　the　leaders　of　the　race　and　from　them　downwards。　Adam　Smith　exerted　a　great　influence。　But　how　many　read　his　books？　The　leaders　of　thought　did；　and　they　extended　his　teachings　into　the　community；　but　certainly　not　as　Adam　Smith　taught。　Christ　made　an　upheaval　in　Jerusalem　and　its　vicinity；　a　few　leaders　taught　revisions　of　His　doctrines；　and　as　the　doctrines　passed　along；　they　became　institutionalized　and　dogmatized　into　a　total；　made　up　as　much　of　paganism　as　of　Christ's　teachings。　It　is　the　tragedy　of　those　whose　names　exercise　authority　in　the　world　that　their　teachings　are　often　without　great　influence。　For　all　of　Christ's　teachings；　the　Christian　nations　plunge　into　great　wars　and　repudiate　His　doctrines　as　applicable　neither　to　industry　nor　international　relations。　If　the　leader　needs　certain　qualities；　the　follower　needs　others。　He　must　be　capable　of　attachment　to　the　leader　or　his　institution；　he　must　possess　that　quality　called　loyalty。　Loyalty　is　the　transference　of　the　ego…feeling　to　the　group；　an　institution　or　an　individual。　It　has　in　it　perhaps　the　self…abasement　principle　of　McDougall；　but　perhaps　it　is　just　as　well　to　say　that　admiration；　respect　and　confidence　are　basic　in　it。　Loyalty　differs　from　love　only　in　that　there　is　a　sort　of　inferiority　denoted　in　the　first。　If　you　feel　yourself　superior　to　the　person　or　institution　claiming　your　loyalty；　you　are　not　loyal　in　feeling；　though　you　may　be　in　act；　you　are　bound　by　honor　or　love　and　not　by　loyalty。　Loyalty　in　the　inferior　may　be　awakened　by　many　things；　but　to　be　permanent　the　follower　must　sooner　or　later　feel　himself　a　part　of　the　program。　He　must　have　not　only　duties　and　responsibilities　but　benefits；　and　he　must　be　given　a　visible　symbol　of　membership。　A　child　becomes　loyal　when　he　is　given　a　badge　or　title；　and　so　do　men。　This　is　the　meaning　of　uniforms；　badges；　titles　and　privileges；　they　are　symbols　of　〃belonging〃　and　so　become　symbols　of　loyalty。　From　the　higher　intellects　loyalty　can　only　be　won　if　they　have　a　share　in　conference；　in　the　exertion　of　power　and　in　identification　with　the　institution