the foundations of personality-第69章

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they　have　a　share　in　conference；　in　the　exertion　of　power　and　in　identification　with　the　institution　in　a　privileged　way。　Though　cash　and　direct　benefit　do　not　insure　loyalty；　they　go　a　long　way　toward　getting　it。　Many　a　man　who　is　a　rebel　as　a　workman　is　loyal　as　a　foreman；　and　while　here　and　there　is　one　who　is　loyal　and　leal｛sic｝　whether　the　wind　blows　good　or　ill；　the　history　and　proverbs　of　men　tell　very　plainly　that　loyalty　usually　disappears　with　the　downfall　of　the　leader；　or　when　benefits　of　one　kind　or　another　are　too　long　delayed。　A　man　may　be　loyal　to　the　leader　or　institution　powerful　and　splendid　in　his　youth　（usually　pride　is　as　much　involved　as　loyalty）；　but　his　children　never　are。　Disciplinability　is　a　quality　of　the　follower。　He　must　be　willing　to　sacrifice　his　freedom　of　action　and　choice　and　turn　it　over　to　another。　Rules　and　regulations　are　necessary　for　efficiency。　In　a　larger　sense；　they　become　laws；　and　the　law…abiding　are　the　disciplined；　ready　to　obey　whatever　law。　Thus　the　reformers　do　not　come　from　the　law…abiding　in　spirit；　it　is　the　rebel　who　changes　laws。　Without　the　law…abiding；　disciplined　spirit　there　would　be　only　anarchy；　and　though　men　have　obeyed　frightful　laws　and　still　do；　this　is　better　than　no　social　discipline。　A　revolution　occurs　when　the　discipline；　i。e。；　the　rules　and　regulations　and　the　rulers　and　regulators；　have　not　kept　pace　with　the　new　ideas　that　have　permeated　society。　Men　are　willing　to　be　governed；　nay；　they　demand　it；　but　there　must　be　at　least　a　rude　conformity　between　the　governed　and　the　laws　by　which　they　are　governed。　In　other　words；　discipline　of　any　kind　is　welcome　if　the　disciplined　believe　it　to　be　right　and　just。　Men　accept　punishment　for　infraction　of　a　law　if　they　believe　themselves　to　be　rightfully　punished；　but　rebel　against　unjust　discipline。　There　are　those　who　deny　either　openly　or　covertly　the　right　of　society　to　regulate　their　lives　or　desires。　In　modern　literature　this　type　of　rebel　is　quite　favor；　ably　depicted；　although　he　is　usually　represented　as　finally　punished　in　one　way　or　another。　Where　a　man　rebels　against　a　specific　type　of　restriction　but　favors　another　kind　he　is　a　reformer；　if　however　he　favors　merely　the　removal　of　restriction　and　regulation＇1＇　he　is　an　anarchist　and；　in　my　opinion；　without　real　knowledge　of　life。　While　the　rebel　who　denies　the　right　of　discipline　exists；　he　is　rare；　the　commonest　rebel　does　not　deny　society's　right　to　regulate　but　either　will　not　or　cannot　keep　his　rebel　desires　in　conformity。　Most　criminals　are　of　this　type；　and　the　inability　to　conform　may　arise　from　many　defects　in　training　or　original　character。　＇1＇　Watch　a　busy　crossing　when　the　traffic　policeman　is　at　work；　regulating　and　disciplining。　Everything　is　orderly；　smooth…working；　and　no　one　complains。　Let　him　step　away　for　a　moment；　at　once　there　is　confusion；　danger　and　the　intensely　competitive　spirit　of　the　drivers　comes　out；　with　the　skillful　and　reckless　and　selfish　invading　the　rights　of　the　less　skilled；　timid　and　considerate。　The　policeman's　return　is　welcomed　by　the　bulk　of　the　drivers。　There　are　very　many　points　of　similarity　between　society　and　the　busy　crossing　which　need　no　elaboration　on　my　part。

In　fact；　though　we　may　rebel　against　discipline　and　its　various　social　modifications；　most　of　us　are　quite　anxious　that　others　shall　be　disciplined　and　raise　the　hue　and　cry　at　once　when　they　rebel。　Behind　this　dislike　of　the　rebel　is　certainly　the　feeling　that　he　predicates　a　superiority　for　himself　by　so　doing；　and　this　injures　our　self…esteem。　Of　course　there　is　and　may　be　a　genuine　belief　that　he　menaces　society　and　its　stability；　but　those　who　raise　this　cry　the　loudest　are　usually　themselves　menaced　either　in　authority　and　power　or　in　some　more　direct　cashable　value。　The　qualities　which　are　now　to　be　briefly　discussed　are　in　the　main　great　inhibitions。　The　moral　code　is　in　great　part　and　by　the　majority　of　men　understood　as　inhibition　and　prohibition。　A　man　is　held　to　be　honest　if　he　does　not　steal　and　truthful　if　he　does　not　lie。　In　reality　this　conception　is　largely　correct；　and　it　is　as　we　extend　our　ideas　of　stealing　and　lying　that　we　grow　in　morality。　Honesty；　in　relation　to　property；　is　the　control　of　the　acquisitive　impulses　and　instincts　and　is　wrapped　up　with　the　idea　of　private　property。　The　acquisitive　impulses　are　very　strong　in　most　people　but　not　necessarily　in　all；　and　we　find　great　variability　here　as　elsewhere　in　human　character。　One　child　desires　everything　he　sees；　wants　it　for　his　own　and　does　not　wish　others　even　to　touch　it；　while　another　gives　away　everything　he　has。　The　covetous；　the　indifferent；　the　generous；　the　hoarders；　the　spenders；these　are　a　few　of　the　types　one　finds　every　day　in　relation　to　the　property　and　acquisitive　feelings。　The　spirit　of　〃mine〃　needs　on　the　whole　little　encouragement；　though　the　ways　to　achieve　〃mine〃　are　part　of　education。　Mainly　the　spirit　of　〃thine〃　needs　encouragement；　and　most　of　our　law；　as　differentiated　from　religion　and　ethics；　has　been　built　up　on　settling　disputes　in　this　matter。　In　its　primary　form；　honesty　in　relation　to　property　is　the　willingness　to　conform　to　society's　rulings　in　this　matter；　e。g。；　the　belief　in　ownership　as　sacred　and　that　to　acquire　something　desired　one　must　（ethical　must）　go　through　certain　recognized　procedures。　The　whole　conception　rests　on　the　social　instinct's　inhibitions　of　the　acquisitive　instinct　and　in　the　growth　and　strength　of　feelings　of　conscience　and　duty　as　previously　described。　Social　heredity　and　tradition　operate　very　powerfully　in　the　matter　of　this　kind　of　honesty；　to　steal；　as　we　see　it；　from　neighboring　tribes　is　ethical　for　savage　races；　and　even　to　steal　such　property　as　women。　Throughout　the　ages　the　booty　of　war　was　one　of　the　recognized　rights　of　warriors；　and　even　though　to…day　we　have　conventions　protecting　the　private　property　of　the　enemy；　this　is　one　of　those　rules　definitely　understood　as　made　to　be　broken。　Stealing　is　very　common　among　children；　who　find　their　desire　for　good　things　too　strong　to　be　inhibited。　But　very　quickly　the　average　child　learns　control　in　so　far　as　certain　types　of　stealing　are　concerned。　Some；　however；　never　cease　to　steal；　and　in　my　opinion　and　experience　this　is　true　of　those　who　become　thieves　later　on。　In　very　few　cases　do　those　who　are　eventually　pickpockets　and　second…story　men　first　develop　their　art　in　adolescence　or　youth；　they　have　stolen　from　earliest　childhood。　Those　who　steal　for　the　first　time　in　adult　life　are　usually　those　exposed　to　great　temptations　and　occupying　a　position　of　trust；　such　as　the　bank　officer　or　the　trusted　employee。　Here　the　stress　of　overexpensive　tastes；　of　some　financial　burden　or　the　desire　to　get　rich　quick　through　speculation　overcome　inhibition；　especially　as　it　is　too　often　assumed　by　the　speculator　that　he　will　be　able　to　return　the　money。　How　widespread　petty　stealing　is　will　be　attested　to　by　the　hotel　keeper　and　high…grade　restaurant　owner；　whose　yearly　losses　of　linen；　silver　and　bric…a…brac　are　enormous。　The　〃best〃　people　do　not　think　it　really　wrong　to　do　this；　especially　if　the　things　taken　have　a　souvenir　value。　Farmers　whose　fruit　trees　adjoin