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cit。 p。 126）。
The human subject would seem to point to this conclusion。 When a
man wants to lift anything from off the ground he essays to do so by
bringing the legs apart and not by bringing them together。
A horse ought not to have large testicles； though that is not a point to
be determined in the colt。
And now； as regards the lower parts； the hocks；＇31＇ or shanks and
fetlocks and hoofs； we have only to repeat what has been said already
about those of the fore…legs。
＇31＇ ｛ton katothen astragelon； e knemon｝； lit。 〃the under （or hinder？）
knuckle…bones （hocks？） or shins〃； i。e。 anatomically speaking； the os
calcis； astragalus； tarsals； and metatarsal large and small。
I will here note some indications by which one may forecast the
probable size of the grown animal。 The colt with the longest shanks at the
moment of being foaled will grow into the biggest horse； the fact being
and it holds of all the domestic quadrupeds＇32＇that with advance of time
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the legs hardly increase at all； while the rest of the body grows uniformly
up to these； until it has attained its proper symmetry。
＇32＇ Cf。 Aristot。 〃de Part。 Anim。〃 iv。 10； 〃H。 A。〃 ii。 1； Plin。 〃N。
H。〃 xi。 108。
Such is the type＇33＇ of colt and such the tests to be applied； with every
prospect of getting a sound…footed； strong； and fleshy animal fine of form
and large of stature。 If changes in some instances develop during growth；
that need not prevent us from applying our tests in confidence。 It far more
often happens that an ugly…looking colt will turn out serviceable；＇34＇ than
that a foal of the above description will turn out ugly or defective。
＇33＇ Lit。 〃by testing the shape of the colt in this way it seems to us
the purchaser will get；〃 etc。
＇34＇ For the vulg。 ｛eukhroastoi｝； a doubtful word = 〃well coloured；〃
i。e。 〃sleek and healthy；〃 L。 & S。 would read ｛eukhrooi｝ （cf。 〃Pol。
Lac。〃 v。 8）。 L。 Dind。 conj。 ｛enrostoi｝； 〃robust〃； Schneid。
｛eukhrestoi｝； 〃serviceable。〃
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II
The right method of breaking a colt needs no description at our
hands。＇1＇ As a matter of state organisation；＇2＇ cavalry duties usually
devolve upon those who are not stinted in means； and who have a
considerable share in the government；＇3＇ and it seems far better for a
young man to give heed to his own health of body and to horsemanship； or；
if he already knows how to ride with skill； to practising manouvres； than
that he should set up as a trainer of horses。＇4＇ The older man has his town
property and his friends； and the hundred…and… one concerns of state or of
war； on which to employ his time and energies rather than on
horsebreaking。 It is plain then that any one holding my views＇5＇ on the
subject will put a young horse out to be broken。 But in so doing he ought
to draw up articles； just as a father does when he apprentices his son to
some art or handicraft； stating what sort of knowledge the young creature
is to be sent back possessed of。 These will serve as indications＇6＇ to the
trainer what points he must pay special heed to if he is to earn his fee。 At
the same time pains should be taken on the owner's part to see that the colt
is gentle； tractable； and affectionate；＇7＇ when delivered to the professional
trainer。 That is a condition of things which for the most part may be
brought about at home and by the groomif he knows how to let the
animal connect＇8＇ hunger and thirst and the annoyance of flies with
solitude； whilst associating food and drink and escape from sources of
irritation with the presence of man。 As the result of this treatment；
necessarily the young horse will acquirenot fondness merely； but an
absolute craving for human beings。 A good deal can be done by touching；
stroking； patting those parts of the body which the creature likes to have so
handled。 These are the hairiest parts； or where； if there is anything
annoying him； the horse can least of all apply relief himself。
＇1＇ Or； 〃The training of the colt is a topic which； as it seems to us；
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may fairly be omitted； since those appointed for cavalry service in
these states are persons who；〃 etc。 For reading see Courier； 〃Notes；〃
p。 84。
＇2＇ 〃Organisation in the several states。〃
＇3＇ Or； 〃As a matter of fact it is the wealthiest members of the
state； and those who have the largest stake in civic life； that are
appointed to cavalry duties。〃 See 〃Hippparch；〃 i。 9。
＇4＇ Cf。 〃Econ。〃 iii。 10。
＇5＇ ｛ego｝。 Hitherto the author has used the plural ｛emin｝ with which
he started。
＇6＇ Reading ｛upodeigmata｝； 〃finger…post signs；〃 as it were； or 〃draft
in outline〃； al。 ｛upomnemata｝ = 〃memoranda。〃
＇7＇ 〃Gentle； and accustomed to the hand； and fond of man。〃
＇8＇ Lit。 〃if he knows how to provide that hunger and thirst； etc。；
should be felt by the colt in solitude； whilst food and drink； etc。；
come through help of man。〃
The groom should have standing orders to take his charge through
crowds； and to make him familiar with all sorts of sights and noises； and if
the colt shows sign of apprehension at them；＇9＇ he must teach himnot by
cruel； but by gentle handlingthat they are not really formidable。
＇9＇ Or； 〃is disposed to shy。〃
On this topic； then； of training；＇10＇ the rules here given will； I think；
suffice for any private individual。
＇10＇ Or； 〃In reference to horsebreaking； the above remarks will
perhaps be found sufficient for the practical guidance of an amateur。〃
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