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still be seen in the Civic Museum。 That of Mundinus also existsa
sepulchral bas…relief on the wall of the Church of San Vitale at
Bologna。＇19＇
＇19＇ For these figures and for points relating to the old school at
Bologna see F。 G。 Cavezza： Le Scuole dell' antico Studio Bolognese；
Milano； 1896。
The other early mediaeval university of special interest in medicine is
that of Montpellier。 With it are connected three teachers who have left
great names in our storyArnold of Villanova； Henri de Mondeville and
Guy de Chauliac。 The city was very favorably situated not far from the
Spanish border； and the receding tide of the Arab invasion in the eighth
century had left a strong Arabic influence in that province。 The date of the
origin of the university is uncertain； but there were teachers of medicine
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there in the twelfth century； though it was not until 1289 that it was
formally founded by a papal bull。
Arnold of Villanova was one of the most prolific writers of the Middle
Ages。 He had travelled much； was deeply read in Arabic medicine and was
also a student of law and of philosophy。 He was an early editor of the
Regimen Sanitatis； and a strong advocate of diet and hygiene。 His views
on disease were largely those of the Arabian physicians； and we cannot see
that he himself made any very important contribution to our knowledge；
but he was a man of strong individuality and left an enduring mark on
mediaeval medicine； as one may judge from the fact that among the first
hundred medical books printed there were many associated with his name。
He was constantly in trouble with the Church； though befriended by the
Popes on account of his medical knowledge。 There is a Bull of Clement V
asking the bishops to search for a medical book by Arnold dedicated to
himself； but not many years later his writings were condemned as
heretical。
In Henri de Mondeville we have the typical mediaeval surgeon； and
we know his work now very thoroughly from the editions of his
〃Anatomy〃 and 〃Surgery〃 edited by Pagel （Berlin； 1889…1892）； and the
fine French edition by Nicaise （Paris； 1893）。 The dominant Arabic
influence is seen in that he quotes so large a proportion of these authors；
but he was an independent observer and a practical surgeon of the first
rank。 He had a sharp wit and employed a bitter tongue against the medical
abuses of his day。 How the Hippocratic humors dominated practice at this
time you may see at a glance from the table prepared by Nicaise from the
works of de Mondeville。 We have here the whole pathology of the period。
=
TABLEAU DES HUMEURS D'APRES H。 DE MONDEVILLE
Flegme naturel。 F。 aqueux。 Flegme F。 mucilagineux。 F。 vitreux。 Flegme
non naturel F sale。 F。 doux。 F。 pontique； 2 especes。 F。 acide； 2 especes。 Bile
naturelle。 Bile B。 citrine。 B。 vitelline Bile non naturelle B。 praline。 B。
aerugineuse。 B。 brulee； 3 especes。 Sang naturel。 non naturel； 5 especes。
Melancolie naturelle。 non naturelle； 5 especes。
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=
A still greater name in the history of this school is Guy de Chauliac；
whose works have also been edited by Nicaise （Paris； 1890）。 His
〃Surgery〃 was one of the most important text…books of the late Middle
Ages。 There are many manuscripts of it； some fourteen editions in the
fifteenth century and thirty…eight in the sixteenth； and it continued to be
reprinted far into the seventeenth century。 He too was dominated by the
surgery of the Arabs； and on nearly every page one reads of the sages
Avicenna； Albucasis or Rhazes。 He lays down four conditions necessary
for the making of a surgeonthe first is that he must be learned； the
second； expert； the third that he should be clever； and the fourth that he
should be well disciplined。
You will find a very discerning sketch of the relation of these two men
to the history of surgery in the address given at the St。 Louis Congress in
1904 by Sir Clifford Allbutt。＇20＇ They were strong men with practical
minds and good hands； whose experience taught them wisdom。 In both
there was the blunt honesty that so often characterizes a good surgeon； and
I commend to modern surgeons de Mondeville's saying： 〃If you have
operated conscientiously on the rich for a proper fee； and on the poor for
charity； you need not play the monk； nor make pilgrimages for your soul。〃
＇20＇ Allbutt： Historical Relations of Medicine and Surgery； London；
Macmillan Co。； 1905。
One other great mediaeval physician may be mentioned； Peter of
Abano （a small town near Padua； famous for its baths）。 He is the first in a
long line of distinguished physicians connected with the great school of
Padua。 Known as 〃the Conciliator；〃 from his attempt to reconcile the
diverse views on philosophy and medicine； he had an extraordinary
reputation as a practitioner and author； the persistence of which is well
illustrated by the fact that eight of the one hundred and eighty…two medical
books printed before 1481 were from his pen。 He seems to have taught
medicine in Paris； Bologna and Padua。 He was a devoted astrologer； had a
reputation among the people as a magician and； like his contemporary；
Arnold of Villanova； came into conflict with the Church and appears to
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have been several times before the Inquisition； indeed it is said that he
escaped the stake only by a timely death。 He was a prolific commentator
on Aristotle； and his exposition of the 〃problems〃 had a great vogue。 The
early editions of his texts are among the most superb works ever printed。
He outlived his reputation as a magician； and mor