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rules for dispensing this new order had need to be extremely clipt and
bound under great restrictions； to give it authority； and this tumultuous
season is incapable of such a curb： besides that； before this can be
brought into repute； 'tis necessary that the memory of the first； and of
the contempt into which it is fallen； be buried in oblivion。
This place might naturally enough admit of some discourse upon the
consideration of valour； and the difference of this virtue from others；
but； Plutarch having so often handled this subject； I should give myself
an unnecessary trouble to repeat what he has said。 But this is worth
considering： that our nation places valour； vaillance； in the highest
degree of virtue； as its very word evidences； being derived from valeur；
and that； according to our use； when we say a man of high worth a good
man； in our court style'tis to say a valiant man； after the Roman way；
for the general appellation of virtue with them takes etymology from vis；
force。 The proper； sole； and essential profession of； the French
noblesse is that of arms： and 'tis likely that the first virtue that
discovered itself amongst men and has given to some advantage over
others； was that by which the strongest and most valiant have mastered
the weaker； and acquired a particular authority and reputation； whence
came to it that dignified appellation； or else； that these nations； being
very warlike； gave the pre…eminence to that of the virtues which was most
familiar to them； just as our passion and the feverish solicitude we have
of the chastity of women occasions that to say； a good woman； a woman of
worth； a woman of honour and virtue； signifies merely a chaste woman as
if； to oblige them to that one duty； we were indifferent as to all the
rest； and gave them the reins in all other faults whatever to compound
for that one of incontinence。
CHAPTER VIII
OF THE AFFECTION OF FATHERS TO THEIR CHILDREN
To Madame D'Estissac。
MADAM； if the strangeness and novelty of my subject； which are wont to
give value to things； do not save me； I shall never come off with honour
from this foolish attempt： but 'tis so fantastic； and carries a face so
unlike the common use； that this； peradventure； may make it pass。 'Tis a
melancholic humour； and consequently a humour very much an enemy to my
natural complexion； engendered by the pensiveness of the solitude into
which for some years past I have retired myself； that first put into
my head this idle fancy of writing。 Wherein； finding myself totally
unprovided and empty of other matter； I presented myself to myself for
argument and subject。 'Tis the only book in the world of its kind； and
of a wild and extravagant design。 There is nothing worth remark in this
affair but that extravagancy： for in a subject so vain and frivolous； the
best workman in the world could not have given it a form fit to recommend
it to any manner of esteem。
Now； madam； having to draw my own picture to the life； I had omitted one
important feature； had I not therein represented the honour I have ever
had for you and your merits； which I have purposely chosen to say in the
beginning of this chapter； by reason that amongst the many other
excellent qualities you are mistress of； that of the tender love you have
manifested to your children； is seated in one of the highest places。
Whoever knows at what age Monsieur D'Estissac； your husband； left you a
widow； the great and honourable matches that have since been offered to
you； as many as to any lady of your condition in France； the constancy
and steadiness wherewith； for so many years； you have sustained so many
sharp difficulties； the burden and conduct of affairs； which have
persecuted you in every corner of the kingdom； and are not yet weary of
tormenting you； and the happy direction you have given to all these； by
your sole prudence or good fortune； will easily conclude with me that we
have not so vivid an example as yours of maternal affection in our times。
I praise God； madam； that it has been so well employed； for the great
hopes Monsieur D'Estissac； your son； gives of himself； render sufficient
assurance that when he comes of age you will reap from him all the
obedience and gratitude of a very good man。 But； forasmuch as by reason
of his tender years； he has not been capable of taking notice of those
offices of extremest value he has in so great number received from you；
I will； if these papers shall one day happen to fall into his hands； when
I shall neither have mouth nor speech left to deliver it to him； that he
shall receive from me a true account of those things； which shall be more
effectually manifested to him by their own effects； by which he will
understand that there is not a gentleman in France who stands more
indebted to a mother's care； and that he cannot； in the future； give a
better nor more certain testimony of his own worth and virtue than by
acknowledging you for that excellent mother you are。
If there be any law truly natural； that is to say； any instinct that is
seen universally and perpetually imprinted in both beasts and men （which
is not without controversy）； I can say； that in my opinion； next to the
care every animal has of its own preservation； and to avoid that which
may hurt him； the affection that the begetter bears to his offspring
holds the second place in this rank。 And seeing that nature appears to
have recommended it to us； having regard to the extension and progression
of the successive pieces of this machine of hers； 'tis no wonder if； on
the contrary； that of children towards their parents is not so great。
To which we may add this other Aristotelian consideration； that he who
confers a benefit on any one； loves him better than he is beloved by him
again： that he to whom is owing； loves better than he who owes； and that
every artificer is fonder of his work； than； if that work had sense； it
would be of him； by reason that it is dear to us to be； and to be
consists in movement and action； therefore every one has in some sort a
being in his work。 He who confers a benefit exercises a fine and honest
action； he who receives it exercises the useful only。 Now the useful is
much less lovable than the honest； the honest is stable and permanent；
supplying him who has done it with a continual gratification。 The useful
loses itself； easily slides away； and the memory of it is neither so
fresh nor so pleasing。 Those things are dearest to us that have cost us
most； and giving is more chargeable than receiving。
Since it has pleased God to endue us with some capacity of reason； to the
end we may not； like brutes； be servilely subject and enslaved to the
laws common to both； but that we should by judgment and a voluntary
liberty apply ourselves to them； we ought； indeed； something to yield to
the simple authority of nature； but not suffer ourselves to be
tyrannically hurried away and transported by her； reason alone should
have the conduct of our inclinations。 I； for my part； have a strange
disgust for those propensions that are started in us without the
mediation and direction of the judgment； as； upon the subject I am
spe